Finding a needle in the haystack: Regional analysis of suitable Eld’s deer (Cervus eldi) forest in Southeast Asia

For species whose decline preceded the modern era and whose distribution is in the developing world, it is difficult to map suitable habitat across its former range. Eld’s deer (Cervus eldi) is an endangered cervid whose range across Southeast Asia was reduced during the last century to disjoint populations in Myanmar and Cambodia. We used ecological data from the present populations to determine landscape and habitat parameters that would help us predict the occurrence of the species in forests not yet surveyed. The suitable-forest GIS model was created using four readily available datasets for elevation, forest type, canopy closure, and human density. Comparison of the GIS model with 24 verified sightings of Eld’s deer during recent large mammal surveys in Cambodia, found 22 sightings (92%) within predicted suitable forest. Use the suitable-forest GIS model to survey a province in southern Lao People’s Democratic Republic, located a single, previously unreported population from 9 patches surveyed. In a separate analysis, a logistic regression model to predict Eld’s deer habitat in Northern Cambodia found percent tree cover, presence of wetlands, and distance to villages as the best predictors of deer, similar to variables used in the GIS model, with the exception of the importance of wetlands. Using mean annual rainfall to rank suitable-forest patches identified in the GIS model indicated dry dipterocarp forests in Northeastern Cambodia and Northern Myanmar have the highest potential to conserve eld’s deer. Examination of the suitable-forest GIS map and current protected areas indicated only Cambodia, with 11% suitable forest protected, has placed sufficient dry dipterocarp forest under protected status. Other Southeast Asia countries have not recognized dry dipterocarp forest as a significant ecotype worthy of conservation status.     

Short-term gully retreat rates over rolling hill areas in black soil of Northeast China

Soil loss has become one severe problem in black soil areas of Northeast China after several decades of cultivation. Gully erosion is one of its main components. In this study, short-term gully retreat was monitored from 5 active gullies selected in representative black soil area during April 2002 to June 2004, using differential global positioning system (GPS). With the support of geographic information system (GIS), multitemporal digital elevation models (DEM) were constructed from the data collected by GPS and then used for further analysis. This presents a new method to compute the retreat rate of gully heads and the rate of soil losses caused by gully erosion. The results indicate that the average volumetric retreat rate was 729.1 m³ year^− 1, corresponding with an average linear retreat rate of 6.2 m year^− 1 in gully head and planimetric changes of 323.6 m² year^− 1 during the two monitored years, but more erosion took place during the second and third monitored period compared to the first. The erosion by freeze thawing and snowmelt accounts for a large percent. And this will be emphasized when rainfall is added in spring. If only considering the third monitored period, the conservatively estimated retreat rate by freeze thawing and snowmelt (i.e. before rainy season) may even reach 8.6 m year^− 1 in gully head, with a volumetric rate of 120.9 m³ year^− 1 and planimetric changes of 173.6 m² year^− 1. These results reveal that gully erosion is a great threat in the study area and conservation measures are urgently needed. Based on the analysis of multi-temporal DEM, one conceptual model for gully developing in black soil of Northeast China is proposed, which is supported by the data.     

潼南县土地利用景观格局特征分析

以2000年土地利用类型图为主要数据源，借助地理信息系统工具，对潼南县土地利用景观格局进行景观斑块数、斑块形状、多样性、均匀度及破碎度计算、分析和对比，揭示研究区内土地结构的空间特征。结果表明潼南县以农业景观为背景，其土地利用斑块形状较单一，景观多样性低、异质性差，土地利用结构不合理。     

基于水量调控防治艾比湖流域沙尘天气灾害的设想

针对艾比湖流域生态环境灾害，分析其成灾原因及发生规律。从改变水量分配时间格局的角度，分析入湖水量季节调控的可行性并提出实施方案。具体为通过人工引、蓄水设施将秋、冬季入湖地表径流蓄积起来，在春季大风、沙尘多发季节注入湖中，减少此时沙尘天气的发生。确定春季所需补充的水量，先以湖区地形图为基础建立湖区数字高程矩阵，然后回归计算湖面面积与湖水体积对应函数，此时根据实测的当年春季湖面面积即可算出达到预定湖面面积所需水量。按照此方案修建人工引、蓄水设施并实施调控后，既可以治理流域沙尘天气，又可最大限度节省水资源。     

大兴安岭生态沟系典型森林植被水源涵养功能的研究

本研究以黑龙江省大兴安岭地区生态沟系3种典型森林类型的持水功能特点为研究对象,应用系统论和水分平衡原理,对森林土壤物理性质、土壤蓄水能力、枯落物蓄水能力以及林冠截留量等进行比较分析。研究表明：林冠截留是林内主要的降水再分配途径,对森林的水分调蓄具有重要作用。水源涵养能力最强的为针阔混交林1259.07 t/hm2,其次为灌木林1046.23 t/hm2,最弱的为落叶松林663.56 t/hm2,针阔混交林林地有着很强的水源涵养和调节能力;灌木林对土壤结构有着良好的改善作用。本研究结果为大兴安岭地区今后开展森林水土保持功能的量化研究及造林的林型结构提供了科学依据。     

基于FPGA的数字下变频设计与实现

数字下变频是全数字解调器中的关键技术之一,其性能好坏直接决定解调器的工作性能。给出一种基于FPGA的数字下变频设计,详细介绍正交变换、CIC抽取滤波及根升余弦滚降FIR低通滤波器的原理设计,并可编程设置各个模块参数。自动生成及动态配置滤波器系数。该设计在Xilinx公司XC3S4000 FPGA芯片的硬件平台和ISE9．2开发环境下,采用Verilog语言编程实现,经过实际通信系统验证,在全数字解调器中很好地完成了多载波、多速率信号的数字下变频处理功能,具有很强的灵活性、稳定性和可扩展性。     

滴灌模式和保水剂对小粒咖啡生长调控及节水效应

为了探讨热带特色经济作物云南小粒咖啡的节水高效生产模式,通过3种滴灌模式(常规滴灌、交替滴灌和固定滴灌)和2个保水剂水平(有保和无保)的完全组合试验,研究灌水方式和保水剂对小粒咖啡生理生态、生物量积累及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:与常规滴灌相比,交替滴灌和固定滴灌的叶绿素、脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性糖含量均大幅提高;交替滴灌的根系活力显著提高,而固定滴灌的根系活力减小.交替滴灌能使小粒咖啡减少耗水量32.07%,提高水分利用效率29.87%.施用保水剂的叶片脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性糖含量减小,而生物量积累和水分利用效率分别增大24.81%和33.03%.与常规滴灌不加保水剂相比,交替滴灌配施保水剂能显著提高小粒咖啡叶绿素、根系活力和可溶性糖含量,而减少丙二醛和脯氨酸累积,同时增加总生物量13.80%,提高水分利用效率73.41%.因此,交替灌溉配施保水剂是一种小粒咖啡适宜的节水综合调控措施.     

生态护坡在城市河道防护中的应用

在简述生态护坡的内涵、特征及国内外研究应用现状的基础上,分析传统护坡对自然及人类生活环境产生的不良影响,从稳定性、生态性、技术性和护坡栽种植物选择等方面,探讨设计生态护坡的原则和要点,展望此技术今后的发展方向。     

我国生态农村建设之探索

从农村的生态环境、基础条件和农民意识等方面,探讨了农村生态环境存在的问题,指出了加快农村生态建设的重要性,提出了加强乡镇企业环境综合整治、完善体制机制建设、发展生态农业、开展生态文明教育等措施。针对我国农村生态建设的现状和特点,探索出一种适合我国农村实际情况的可持续发展模式,即以经济发展为基础,以科技应用为支点,以政府干预为手段,以制度创新为引向,以法制完善为保障,以意识提高为导向的生态农村建设。     

基于Matlab/GUI的汽油机缸内直接喷雾图像处理方法

设计了基于Matlab/GUI的汽油机缸内直接喷雾图像实时处理程序,实现了图像处理的可视化操作。由于汽油挥发性较强,使得汽油机缸内直接喷雾图像相对柴油喷雾图像而言,雾形边界相对模糊,且喷雾图像信噪比较差。为准确提取汽油机缸内直接喷雾研究中所需的喷雾贯穿距、喷雾锥角、周长以及面积等参数,需要在图像处理过程中精确地提取喷雾边界,为此进行了精确的噪声滤波、边缘检测、形态学优化等图像处理。在确定雾形边界后,进一步编写程序计算出喷雾贯穿距、喷雾锥角、喷射速度等参数,实现了喷雾特性参数的实时测量。