Metabolic effects of changes in the dietary protein: carbohydrate ratio in eel (Angilla anguilla) and trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The metabolic consequences of the isoenergetic replacement of dietaryprotein by carbohydrates (CHO) were compared in studies of European eel andrainbow trout. Diets with 45/20, 37/30, 29/40 and 21/50 percentprotein/carbohydrate were assessed during a 12-week experiment. The CHO sourcewas pre-gelatinized corn starch. Fish of initial average weight 45gwere fed to satiation twice daily. Weight-gain and feed-efficiency data weregenerally better in trout than in eel, presumably because trout digestibilitycoefficients for protein and energy were higher than in eel. In both species,regardless of physiological differences in digestion and absorption, feedintakeand nutrient digestibility were lower when dietary CHO was higher, but theinter-species differences decreased with increasing dietary CHO.Pyruvate kinase activity (PK) in trout was not affected by dietary CHO content,while blood-glucose and liver-glycogen levels significantly rose withincreasingdietary CHO. In contrast, blood-glucose levels appeared to be regulated ineels,perhaps by an accelerated glycolysis rate, revealed by changes in PK.Gluconeogenic activity was inhibited in trout fed a diet containing20–30%CHO, while in eels this activity was not inhibited by dietary replacement ofprotein by carbohydrate. Liver glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity(G6PDH) was inhibited in trout fed increasing dietary CHO, whereas in eelsG6PDHoperated at a high rate regardless of dietary composition. These results mayindicate that eels have a better capacity for metabolising high-CHO/low-proteindiets than do trout.     

东方粘虫中肠V-ATPase H亚基原核表达及纯化

对东方粘虫Mythimna separate(Walker)中肠V-ATPase H亚基基因(VATPH)进行克隆、原核表达及纯化。首先采用RT-PCR技术克隆基因,再构建原核表达载体(pET15b-VATPH)并转入E.coil BL21(DE3),经异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷(isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside,IPTG)诱导表达,用Ni-NTA柱及S-200分子筛纯化,最后进行SDS-PAGE分析。结果表明,pET15b-VATPH可高效表达V-ATPase H亚基,纯化后可获得单一条带且分子质量约为55ku的重组蛋白。该结果为进一步研究V-ATPase H亚基的晶体结构,药物小分子与H亚基大分子的相互作用,尤其是以H亚基为筛选模型创制新农药奠定基础。     

Effects of dietary substitution of soya bean meal for fish meal on consumption, growth, and metabolism of juvenile giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

A 42‐day study was conducted where prawns (0.32 g) were fed diets where 0, 20, 50, 75 and 100 g (100 g)^?1 of fish meal was replaced by soya bean meal (SBM). Feed intake was not significantly affected by inclusion of SBM, while specific growth rate and conversion efficiency decreased with increasing dietary SBM. Standard metabolic rate was significantly affected by dietary soya bean level, and was the highest in the 75 g (100 g)^?1 SBM group. Carcass dry matter, crude fat and energy value declined with increasing SBM inclusion. SBM, without supplementation of amino acids or other additives, was not suitable as a major protein source in freshwater‐prawn diets.     

Changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk during experimental Escherichia coli mastitis for primiparous Holstein dairy cows during early lactation

Background

The objective of this study was to characterize the changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk during IMI challenge with Escherichia coli (E. coli) for dairy cows during early lactation. Thirty, healthy primiparous Holstein cows were infused (h = 0) with ~20-40 cfu of live E. coli into one front mammary quarter at ~4-6 wk in lactation. Daily feed intake and milk yield were recorded. At –12, 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 156, 168, 180 and 192 h relative to challenge rectal temperatures were recorded and quarter foremilk was collected for analysis of shedding of E. coli. Composite milk samples were collected at -180, -132, -84, -36, -12, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 132 and 180 h relative to challenge (h = 0) and analyzed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), somatic cell count, fat, protein, lactose, citrate, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), free glucose (fglu), and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). Blood was collected at -12, 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 60, 72, 84, 132 and 180 h relative to challenge and analyzed for plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), BHBA and glucose concentration. A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine the effect of IMI challenge on metabolic responses of cows during early lactation.

Results

By 12 h, E. coli was recovered from challenged quarters and shedding continued through 72 h. Rectal temperature peaked by 12 h post-challenge and returned to pre-challenge values by 36 h post-IMI challenge. Daily feed intake and milk yield decreased (P <0.05) by 1 and 2 d, respectively, after mastitis challenge. Plasma BHBA decreased (12 h; P <0.05) from 0.96 ± 1.1 at 0 h to 0.57 ± 0.64 mmol/L by 18 h whereas concentration of plasma NEFA (18 h) and glucose (24 h) were significantly greater, 11 and 27%, respectively, after challenge. In milk, fglu, lactose, citrate, fat and protein yield were lower whereas yield of BHBA and G6P were higher after challenge when compared to pre-challenge values.

Conclusions

Changes in metabolites in blood and milk were most likely associated with drops in feed intake and milk yield. However, the early rise in plasma NEFA may also signify enhanced adipose tissue lipolysis. Lower concentrations of plasma BHBA may be attributed to an increase transfer into milk after IMI. Decreases in both milk lactose yield and % after challenge may be partly attributed to reduced conversion of fglu to lactose. Rises in G6P yield and concentration in milk after challenge (24 h) may signify increased conversion of fglu to G6P. Results identify changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk after IMI challenge with E. coli in dairy cows that may partly explain the partitioning of nutrients and changes in milk components after IMI for cows during early lactation.     

3H—萱草根素在小鼠体内吸收分布,排泄和代谢的初步观察

本文应用放射性同位素示综技术,初步观察了~3H-萱草根素在小鼠体内吸收分布、排泄和代谢的全过程。~3H-萱草根素口服后0.5小时,小鼠血液中放射性即达到高峰,并以低浓度维持96小时以上;其随血液循环分布于各组织器官,以胃肠组织含量最高,其次是肝脏和脾脏。萱草根素有蓄积性;一次给药和以同等剂量分次(每天一次,三天)投药后的相同时间,各组织中~3H-萱草根素的含量差异不显著。主要排泄途径是粪便,其次是尿液。经有机溶剂处理后的尿液分为水、脂二相,其放射性测量和薄板层析放射自显影结果均表明:~3H-萱草根素在体内经过代谢后结构发生了变化,从尿液中排出的不是萱草根素原形,而是其代谢产物。     

孕穗期低温对玉米雌穗的伤害作用

在孕穗期（播种后６５天），玉米植株经１０℃低温处理２天和５天后，雌穗超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性下降，膜脂过氧化作用增强，对生物膜系统产生直接伤害，电解质外渗率增大，电镜下可观察到线粒体、细胞质膜破坏、胞间连丝膨大变形，甚至断裂；粗糙内质网卷曲成空心圆状，进而引起生理代谢紊乱，使可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量增加，淀粉、蛋白质含量下降，阻碍雌穗发育，减少穗粒数，引起减产。     

小麦灌浆后期青枯骤死原因分析及控制

小麦灌浆后期植株衰老与活性氧自由基毒害和膜脂质过氧化密切相关。灌浆后期株体内活必砼谢平衡失调是青枯发生的主要内因：造成青枯的外因除与“Ｖ”型变温有关外，雨后骤晴的强光与高温协同作用亦是青枯发生的重要外因一。灌浆后期“Ｖ”型变温使麦株各器均受到伤害，尤其穗下茎受到伤害。青枯能否发生取决于植体内酶活力的高低、非酶清除剂含量的多少以及“Ｖ”型变温的强度和持续时间。选择优良品种、适时播种、合理施肥和加强     

粘虫痘病毒增效蛋白的重组表达及其生物活性

昆虫病毒增效蛋白(enhancin)在体外能促进核型多角体病毒(NPV)对昆虫离体细胞系的感染;在体内能显著提高NPV对昆虫幼虫的感染效果,并可增强苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)对幼虫的毒力(Hashimoto et al.,1991;Roelvink et al.,1995)。粘虫痘病毒(Pseudaletia separata entomopoxvirus,PsEP     

土壤–根系–微生物系统中影响氮磷利用的一些关键协同机制的研究进展

根际是养分进入作物系统的门户,也是土壤-根系-微生物相互作用的微域。根际界面过程决定了氮磷养分的供应强度和有效性,最终影响了氮磷养分的利用效率和作物生产力。近年来,国内外在揭示农田土壤-根系-微生物系统中不同界面的养分转化、吸收和运输机制方面取得了一些新进展。在不同时空尺度上分析了影响土壤氮磷转化微生物组成的影响因子;研究了丛枝菌根系统形成的信号机制及其对氮磷吸收的基因调控机制;从信号网络、根系质子分泌和根构型的角度系统揭示了作物根系应对根际环境氮磷养分供应的形态和生理响应机制。未来针对根际氮磷高效利用问题,需要深入研究土壤-根系-微生物不同界面的协同机制和调控原理,在根际微域和土壤团聚体尺度开展微生物食物网及其关键功能微生物分布格局和演替规律的研究;揭示根构型对根系–微生物协同结构和功能的影响,研究养分缺乏条件下根内质子分泌和关键转运蛋白对根系生长和养分吸收的调控机制;针对粮食作物,研究根系-微生物对话中已知信号物质(如独脚金内酯和N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯)和新的信号物质(小RNA)的网络作用机制及其对多养分协同代谢的影响;最后,针对不同气候、土壤、作物类型区,提出提高氮磷利用效率的根际生物调控途径和措施。     

不同养分模式对水稻叶片衰老的影响研究

试验研究不同养分模式对水稻生育后期剑叶光合速率、活性氧代谢的影响结果表明,有机-无机肥配施,特别是厩肥与化肥配合施用可明显减缓水稻植株衰老过程中叶片叶绿素的降解和光合速率下降,并有效抑制和调节叶片超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降和脂质过氧化作用产物丙二醛(MDA)的增加,显著提高水稻粒重和籽粒产量。