绿僵菌菌株遗传多态性与地理来源及寄主种群分化的关联性

采用RAPD-PCR分子标记技术分析了51株不同地理来源、寄主来源的绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae菌株的遗传多态性。从94条RAPD引物中筛选出18条引物,对所有试验菌株进行RAPD-PCR扩增,共获得96条扩增片段,其中81条片段表现多态性,占84.1%。聚类分析表明,供试的51株菌株间的相似性系数范围为0.52~0.98,表明菌株间存在丰富的遗传多态性。供试菌株在相似性系数0.7的水平可分为4个组群。按菌株DNA多态性与地理及寄主来源的聚类分析表明,大多数菌株的DNA多态性与地理或寄主有一定的相关性,即长期的地理环境和寄主适应性可能形成了种群的分化。     

3个地理种群红砂的气体交换特征

【目的】研究3个地理种群红砂的光合蒸腾速率日进程特征,对其水分利用效率特征以及不同地理种群红砂对干旱环境的反应机制进行分析。【方法】在自然条件下,以分布于甘肃兰州九州台(LZJ)、张掖临泽(ZYL)和武威民勤(WWM)3个地理种群的红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)为试材,利用手提式光合测定系统,于2008年在红砂生长季节(7-8月)对其气体交换的特征参数(净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs))的日变化进行了测定,并对其水分利用效率(WUE)进行计算。【结果】3个地理种群红砂叶片Pn和Tr日变化均为双峰型,在中午13:00有光合"午休"现象。在水分条件(降雨量和土壤含水率)较低的ZYL和WWM 2个地理种群中,红砂的Pn和Tr均降低,第1峰值均提前1 h,光合"午休"时间延长,但3个地理种群红砂的Pn和Tr均较低,属于低光合、低蒸腾型。3个地理种群红砂Pn的"午休"(09:00(10:00)-13:00)主要决定因素为气孔导度,而Pn在07:00-09:00(10:00)的上升和15:00-18:00的降低主要取决于非气孔因素。红砂水分利用效率(WUE)日变化也为双峰型,且在3个地理种群间红砂WUE的日均值随水分含量的降低而提高。【结论】不同地理种群的红砂气体交换日变化特性虽存在一定的共性,但也有差异;水分条件是导致红砂气体交换特性产生差异的主要因素;红砂是一种通过降低蒸腾而提高水分利用效率来适应极端荒漠生境的旱生植物。     

苹果单叶片山楂叶螨实验种群的建立与消亡

【目的】研究山楂叶螨种群在苹果幼苗单叶片上建立、扩展的过程,以期明确山楂叶螨由个体到种群的发展机理和整体趋势。【方法】选择3年生盆栽矮化红富士苹果幼苗,分别单叶接螨1,3和5头,观察单叶山楂叶螨种群繁殖和扩散情况及叶片的变化,记录35d该螨由个体发展为种群,导致叶片焦灼的整个过程。【结果】山楂叶螨在室内,6月份15～17d可完成1代,35d内完全发生2个世代。在苹果单叶片上,卵占种群优势数量,其在不同位置叶片分布为中部>上部>下部,雌成螨的数量分布表现为上部>下部>中部。初始接螨量越大,叶片上种群数量越多,其种群扩张速度越快,为害越严重,叶片提前干枯。当单叶接螨量达5头,接种(6.6±1.5)d后向其他叶片扩散,(14.6±2.5)d后全株布满蛛丝及叶螨,仅(20.4±1.1)d达4级为害状,叶片全株焦灼。【结论】山楂叶螨应在叶片害斑不明显时及早防治,关键控制初始螨量,当单叶虫源基数达5头时应密切关注其繁殖动态。     

树轮生态学研究进展

树轮生态学是现代树轮年代学的重要分支, 在全球气候变化引起的资源、环境等压力日益增大的今天, 越来越显示出树轮生态学研究的理论和现实意义。文中简要概述了树轮分析在森林干扰、群落动态、森林结构、林分更新方式以及高山林线研究方面的进展。树轮生态学将对我国树木个体生长情况和群落动态的研究, 虫灾、火灾、风灾和森林动态的关系以及森林管理相关的研究发挥重要作用。     

Spatial heterogeneity of soil chemical properties between Haloxylon persicum and Haloxylon ammodendron populations

Spatial heterogeneity is a ubiquitous feature in natural ecosystems, especially in arid regions. Different species and their discontinuous distribution, accompanied by varied topographic characteristics, result in soil resources distributed differently in different locations, and present significant spatial heterogeneity in desert ecosystems. In this study, conventional and geostatistical methods were used to identify the heterogeneity of soil chemical properties in two desert populations, Haloxylon persicum Bunge ex Boss., which dominates on the slopes and tops of sand dunes and Haloxylon ammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bunge, which inhabits interdunes in the Gurbantunggut Desert of Xinjiang, China. The results showed that soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC), available nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AP) were significantly higher in H. ammodendron populations than that in H. persicum. The coefficient of variation (CV) indicated that (1) most parameters presented a moderate degree of variability (10% < CV < 100%) except pH in both plots, (2) the variability of soil pH, EC and AP in H. ammodendron populations was higher than that in H. persicum populations, and (3) SOC and AN in H. ammodendron populations were lower than that in H. persicum populations. Geostatistical analysis revealed a strong spatial dependence (C0/(C0+C) < 25%) within the distance of ranges for all tested parameters in both plots. The Kriging-interpolated figures showed that the soil spatial distribution was correlated with the vegetation distribution, individual size of plants, and the topographic features, especially with the plants nearest to sampling points and the topographic features. In each plot, soil EC, SOC, AN and AP presented similar distributions, and fertile islands and salt islands occurred in both plots but did not affect every individual plant, since the sampling distance was larger than the size of such fertile islands. The results of topographic effects on soil heterogeneity suggested s     

基于统计分辨模型的害虫种群动态预报研究

应用统计分辨原理,对临沂市1995—2007年棉花苗期棉蚜的系统观测资料进行了数量分析,建立了统计分辨数学模型,经对历史资料的回报验证,其总拟合率92.31%,将2008年观测数据作为独立样本进行试报,其预报结果与实际一致。     

Thin-Plate Spline Analysis of Diversity in Field Populations of Codling Moth,Cydia pomonella L. （Lep., Tortricidae） in North West of Iran

In order to study morphological diversity of codling moth, Cydia pomonella （L.） using thin-plate spline analysis, nine geographical populations from four north western provinces of Iran namely East Azarbayjan, West Azarbayjan, Ardebil and Zandjan were collected during 2003 and 2004. 575 and 564 images were prepared from fore and hind wings, respectively. Then 15 and 11 landmarks were determined from fore and hind wings, respectively. With transforming of landmark＇s two dimensional coordinate data into partial warp scores, 26 and 18 scores were generated for fore and hind wings, respectively. Cluster analysis based on wing shape variables using Ward＇s algorithm assigned nine geographical populations into two groups. The pattern of grouping based on fore and hind wings was different in both sexes. Principal component analysis revealed discrimination between geographic populations and confirmed the result of cluster analysis. Among environmental parameters, wind speed showed the highest correlation with wing shape variables. Non significant correlation was observed between geographic and morphological distance matrices as revealed by Mantel test.     

杂交粳稻13.5t hm~(-2)超高产群体动态特征及形成机制的探讨

选用杂交粳稻甬优8号,以国家粮食丰产工程兴化、姜堰实施基地1.0hm2连片与6.67hm2连片超高产攻关方为依托,研究了13.5thm-2超高产群体特征,并探讨了群体形成机制。结果表明,较之12.0thm-2左右群体,13.5thm-2群体的穗型大,群体颖花量多(60000×104hm-2以上),有效穗数、结实率和千粒重与之相当;群体茎蘖于生育前期稳步增长,至有效分蘖临界叶龄期达适宜穗数,高峰苗出现在拔节期,数量少,为预期穗数的1.3倍左右,此后群体平缓下降,至抽穗期达适宜穗数,成穗率高(75%);群体叶面积指数前期增长相对较缓慢,最大值出现在孕穗期,为8.5左右,此后下降缓慢,成熟期仍保持在4.0以上;群体光合势生育前期较小,中、后期较大,总光合势为675×104m2dhm-2以上,抽穗至成熟期的光合势占总光合势的45.0%以上;群体拔节前干物质积累速度相对较缓、积累量略低,拔节后积累速度较快,至抽穗期群体生物量为13.5thm-2以上,抽穗后积累量亦高,一般为9.75thm-2以上,总干物重高达23.25thm-2以上。13.5thm-2超高产群体形成机制为,依靠精苗,发大蘖,及时够苗,提高够苗期群体质量(有效分蘖临界叶龄期),为中期高质量群体结构的培育奠定生物学基础;依靠合理的群体动态及其规模,培育适宜数量的壮秆大穗,于抽穗期形成具有强抗倒力和巨量安全库容的高光效群体;依靠平稳消退的光合系统,提高抽穗后群体光合物质生产力,增大群体库容的总充实量,并维持较大的茎鞘强度,增强群体的安全抗倒力。     

太湖流域粳稻两类群体种子活力性状有利等位变异的发掘

发掘粳稻种子活力性状的优异等位变异和携带优异等位变异的载体材料可为培育适于直播的高活力粳稻品种提供遗传信息和育种材料。以太湖流域粳稻94个品种构成的自然群体和粳稻品种秀水79与粳稻恢复系C堡衍生的247个重组自交家系(RIL)群体为试验材料,利用斜板发芽法发芽,调查生长7d的幼苗根长、苗高和干重3个种子活力性状,采用Tassel软件中的GLM方法和Win QTL Cartographer2.5软件中的CIM方法进行种子活力性状的QTL分析,发掘有利等位变异和相应载体品种。结果表明:(1)在太湖流域粳稻自然群体中共检测到11个与种子活力性状相关联的SSR标记位点,共发掘出42个控制种子活力性状的优异等位变异,其中控制根长的17个,控制苗高的13个,控制幼苗干重的12个。携带种子活力性状优异等位变异且效应值较大的载体材料有滇屯502选早、扬稻6号、开青、籼恢429和C堡等。(2)在RIL群体中共检测到9个与种子活力性状相关的QTL,其中2个控制根长,4个控制苗高,3个控制幼苗干重。除控制幼苗干重的qDW-2a的有利等位变异RM525-143bp来自秀水79以外,其余8个位点的有利等位变异均来自C堡。(3)两类群体均在第1染色体上检测到与根长关联的SSR标记位点,均在第2、第8和第11染色体上检测到与苗高关联的位点,均在第2染色体上检测到与幼苗干重关联的位点,且在自然群体中检测到优于和多于家系群体的等位变异。