紫胶蚧觅食时对寄主植物枝条的选择

研究了紫胶蚧觅食行为特点和紫胶蚧觅食时对寄主植物枝条的选择行为。结果表明：紫胶蚧觅食时有向前、向上寻找的特性,觅食初期前进路线的选择也采取ESS对策。紫胶蚧选择在1年生及其以下枝条上固定取食的比率达95％以上,1年生以上2年生以下枝条上固定取食的比率为5％,基本不在2年生及其以上枝条上固定取食。紫胶蚧分布与不同方向枝条之间无关。紫胶蚧取食久树枝条的枝径范围在0．47～1．60cm之间,枝径在0．6～1．1cm之间的占88%。在直立枝条上,紫胶蚧呈环状带分布,在多数倾斜枝条上,紫胶蚧分布在背阴面。比较解剖结果发现,久树2年生枝条背阴面的周皮、皮层明显比1年生枝条的增厚;石细胞和纤维细胞在皮层中分布数量多,连成带状,比久树1年生枝条中石细胞和纤维细胞组成的带状物要厚27μm;从周皮到韧皮部筛管的距离,久树2年生枝条的比1年生枝条要厚,枝条上端树皮的周皮、皮层比枝条基部树皮的要薄。枝条向阳面韧皮部厚度要比背阴面薄。     

国产镰序竹属竿的解剖及其在分类中的意义

作者观察了我国节柱竹族(广义的)5属25种及总序竹属,新小竹属各一种的竿的解剖,首次发现国产镰序竹属各种有Ⅲ型维管束。讨论了镰序竹属的国产种与有关各属间的分类问题。作者倾向于在证实这些国产种与镰序竹属的模式种之间在维管束方面属于不同类型时则宜将这些种自镰序竹属中分出而另立新属     

Effects of chromosome 5sh from Gossypium barbadense L. on flower production in G. hirsutum L.

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) yield is directly determined by mature bolls that developed from squares and flowers. The first four to six weeks of flowering accounts for the majority of lint yield in upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.) for most cultivated areas of the southern USA cotton belt. In this study, we evaluated 13 cotton chromosome substitution lines (CS-B) and their chromosome specific-F₂ hybrids, TM-1, 3–79, and six cultivars for the number of flowers produced during the first four weeks of flowering. Results showed that CS-B05sh produced more flowers than TM-1 and 3–79 from 10 July to 5 August. The results suggest that when the short arm of chromosome 5 was substituted from 3–79 (G. barbadense L.) into TM-1 (G. hirsutum) a positive genetic association with flower numbers during this flowering period was exhibited. CS-B05sh had comparable flower numbers with three cultivars, Deltapine 90, Phytogen 355, and Stoneville 474 and more flowers than, Sure Grow 747, Sure Grow 125, and Deltapine 5415. Different patterns for additive and dominance effects on cumulative flowers were observed across weeks of flowering. Dominance effects were more apparent during the early part of the flowering period while additive effects were more apparent towards the end of the flowering period.     

Rhizosphere interactions between microorganisms and plants govern iron and phosphorus acquisition along the root axis - model and research methods

Iron and phosphorus availability is low in many soils; hence, microorganisms and plants have evolved mechanisms to acquire these nutrients by altering the chemical conditions that affect their solubility. In plants, this includes exudation of organic acid anions and acidification of the rhizosphere by release of protons in response to iron and phosphorus deficiency. Grasses (family Poaceae) and microorganisms further respond to Fe deficiency by production and release of specific chelators (phytosiderophores and siderophores, respectively) that complex Fe to enhance its diffusion to the cell surface. In the rhizosphere, the mutual demand for Fe and P results in competition between plants and microorganisms with the latter being more competitive due to their ability to decompose plant-derived chelators and their proximity to the root surface; however microbial competitiveness is strongly affected by carbon availability. On the other hand, plants are able to avoid direct competition with microorganisms due to the spatial and temporal variability in the amount and composition of exudates they release into the rhizosphere. In this review, we present a model of the interactions that occur between microorganisms and roots along the root axis, and discuss advantages and limitations of methods that can be used to study these interactions at nanometre to centimetre scales. Our analysis suggests mechanisms such as increasing turnover of microbial biomass or enhanced nutrient uptake capacity of mature root zones that may enhance plant competitiveness could be used to develop plant genotypes with enhanced efficiency in nutrient acquisition. Our model of interactions between plants and microorganisms in the rhizosphere will be useful for understanding the biogeochemistry of P and Fe and for enhancing the effectiveness of fertilization.     

Expression of gap junctional connexin proteins in ovine fetal ovaries: effects of maternal diet

Gap junctions have been implicated in the regulation of cellular metabolism and the coordination of cellular functions during growth and differentiation of organs and tissues, and gap junctions play a major role in direct cell-cell communication. Gap junctional channels and connexin (Cx) proteins have been detected in adult ovaries in several species. Furthermore, it has been shown that several environmental factors, including maternal diet, may affect fetal organ growth and function. To determine whether maternal diet affects expression of Cx26, Cx32, Cx37, and Cx43 in fetal ovaries, sheep were fed a maintenance (M) diet with adequate (A) selenium (Se) or high (H) Se levels from 21 d before breeding to day 132 of pregnancy. From day 50 to 132 of pregnancy (tissue collection day), a portion of the ewes from the ASe and HSe groups was fed a restricted (R; 60% of M) diet. Sections of fetal ovaries were immunostained for the presence of Cxs followed by image analysis. All four Cxs were detected, but the distribution pattern differed. Cx26 was immunolocalized in the oocytes from primordial, primary, secondary, and antral follicles; in granulosa and theca layers of secondary and antral follicles; stroma; and blood vessels. Cx32 was in oocytes, granulosa, and theca cells in a portion of antral follicles; Cx37 was on the borders between oocyte and granulosa/cumulus cells of primordial to antral follicles and in endothelium; and Cx43 was on cellular borders in granulosa and theca layers and between oocyte and granulosa/cumulus cells of primordial to antral follicles. Maternal diet affected Cx26 and Cx43 expression, Cx26 in granulosa layer of antral follicles was decreased (P < 0.01) by HSe in the M and R diets, and Cx43 in granulosa layer of primary and granulosa and theca of antral follicles was increased (P < 0.05) by the M diet with HSe. Thus, Cxs may be differentially involved in regulation of fetal ovarian function in sheep. These data emphasize the importance of maternal diet in fetal growth and development.     

Ultrasonographic description of the caudal and ventral lung borders in normal Warmblood horses

The aim of the study was to describe the caudal and ventral lung border in clinically normal horses more precisely than it had been described previously and also to resolve the contradictions of data published in standard textbooks. Twenty‐two healthy Warmblood horses were used in the study. The lung border was determined by 2‐dimensional ultrasonography at the following anatomical levels: tuber olecrani, tuberositas deltoidea of the humerus, tuberculum majus of the humerus, tuber ischiadicum and ventral, mid‐ and dorsal points of the tuber coxae. Examinations were performed bilaterally at the end of inspiration and expiration. Distances between the actual lung borders and corresponding anatomical levels were measured and compared statistically. The results showed that the olecranon could not be used as an anatomical landmark. Instead, the deltoid tuberosity could be used as an alternative, as the lung border was found in the 7th intercostal space (ICS) in 14 horses and in the 8th ICS in 8 horses. The lung border at the level of the tuberculum majus was found in the 10th ICS in every horse. At the level of the tuber ischiadicum, the lung border was detected equally in the 14th (11 horses) and 15th (11 horses) ICS. At the level of the ventral and midpoint of the tuber coxae, the lung border was found in the 15th or 16th ICS. No lung border was found at the level of the dorsal point of the tuber coxae or in the 17th ICS.     

棉花杂种优势利用的研究进展与发展思路

概述了棉花杂种优势利用的研究现状及发展趋势,同时指出了在杂种优势利用中存在的若干问题,总结了几种简化制种的方法,并对未来杂种优势利用的研究发展趋势进行了初步的探讨。