Morphology of the Oligoryzomys nigripes respiratory system

Rodents are important in the transmission of infectious diseases that affect the respiratory tract, including simple infections and those caused by specific pathogens. These animals are natural reservoirs of zoonoses that cause many public health diseases. Basic knowledge on the morphology of these animals is important as basic research is useful for applied studies, such as the development of clinical, therapeutic, surgical and clinical models. Morphological data of respiratory tract in Oligoryzomys nigripes are absent in the literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform a morphological analysis of the respiratory tract of O. nigripes. Five adult females from the environmental reserve in São Joaquim da Barra, São Paulo were used, donated to the Museum of Veterinary Anatomy (FMVZ/USP). Several morphological features follow the same pattern seen in rodents; however, this species showed some differences such as the presence of three lobar bronchi, nonlobed left lung and the right lung constituted by two lobes. Respiratory epithelium lined the whole respiratory tract and was seen using scanning electron microscopy the oval shape of the parenchyma and alveoli.     

Donkey dental anatomy. Part 2: Histological and scanning electron microscopic examinations

Ten normal cheek teeth (CT) were extracted at post mortem from donkeys that died or were euthanased for humane reasons. Decalcified histology was performed on three sections (sub-occlusal, mid-tooth and pre-apical) of each tooth, and undecalcified histology undertaken on sub-occlusal sections of the same teeth. The normal histological anatomy of primary, regular and irregular secondary dentine was found to be similar to that of the horse, with no tertiary dentine present. Undecalcified histology demonstrated the normal enamel histology, including the presence of enamel spindles. Scanning electron microscopy was performed on mid-tooth sections of five maxillary CT, five mandibular CT and two incisors. The ultrastructural anatomy of primary and secondary dentine, and equine enamel types-1, -2 and -3 (as described in horses) were identified in donkey teeth. Histological and ultrastructural donkey dental anatomy was found to be very similar to equine dental anatomy with only a few quantitative differences observed.     

桃蛀螟卵巢发育过程及其与温度的关系

本文明确了桃蛀螟的雌性生殖系统由1对卵巢、1对侧输卵管、1根中输卵管、1个交配囊和1个受精囊组成。依据雌性生殖系统发育的典型特征,即卵巢小管形态、卵粒的成熟度、脂肪体的多少及形态,将卵巢发育过程分为乳白透明期(Ⅰ级)、卵黄沉积期(Ⅱ级)、成熟待产期(Ⅲ级)、产卵盛期(Ⅳ级)及产卵末期(Ⅴ级)5个发育时期。在温度为20、25℃和30℃下,桃蛀螟初羽化成虫完成卵巢发育的全部过程(Ⅰ级~Ⅴ级)所需时间分别为11.43、9.38、8.62 d。经推算, 桃蛀螟卵巢各级(Ⅰ级~Ⅴ级)的发育起点温度分别为22.88、21.1、16.55、18.44、11.19℃,有效积温分别为0.37、4.45、23.22、35.10日·度和125.91 日·度。根据不同温度下卵巢发育的速度,建立了卵巢发育速率的预测模型,这为桃蛀螟的短期精准预报提供了科学依据。     

Essential Oil Composition of Norwegian Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) and Sachalinmint [Mentha sachalinensis (Briq.) Kudô]

Production of varieties of the medicinal plants Mentha     

Root Morphology and Anatomy Affect Cadmium Translocation and Accumulation in Rice

Paddy fields contaminated with cadmium (Cd) present decreased grain yield and produce Cd-contaminated grains. Screening for low-Cd-accumulating cultivars is a useful method to reduce the amount of Cd in the grains. The present study aimed to examine the roles of the root morphology and anatomy in Cd translocation and accumulation in rice plants. Twenty-two rice cultivars were used in the first experiment, after which two cultivars [Zixiangnuo (ZXN) and Jinyou T36 (JYT36)] were selected and used in subsequent experiments under hydroponic conditions. The results showed that there were significant differences in Cd concentrations in the shoots (ranging from 4 to 100 mg/kg) and the Cd translocation rates (shoot/root) (from 7% to 102%) among the 22 cultivars, and the shoot Cd concentration was significantly correlated with the Cd translocation rate of the 22 cultivars under 0.1 mg/L Cd treatment. Compared with cultivar ZXN, JYT36 had greater root Cd uptake and accumulation but lower shoot Cd accumulation and Cd translocation rate. The number of root tips per surface area of cultivar ZXN was greater than that of JYT36, while the average root diameter was lower than that of JYT36. Compared with ZXN, JYT36 had stronger apoplastic barriers, and the Casparian bands and suberin lamellae in the root endodermis and exodermis were closer to the root apex in both the control and Cd treatments, especially for suberin lamellae in the root exodermis with Cd treatments, with a difference of 25 mm. The results also showed that, compared with ZXN, JYT36 had greater percentages of Cd bound in cell walls and intracellular Cd but lower Cd concentrations in the apoplastic fluid under the Cd treatment. The results suggested that Cd translocation, rather than root Cd uptake, is a key process that determines Cd accumulation in the rice shoots. The root morphological and anatomical characteristics evidently affect Cd accumulation in the shoots by inhibiting Cd translocation, especially via the apoplastic pathway. It was possible to pre-screen low-Cd-accumulating rice cultivars on the basis of their root morphology, anatomical characteristics and Cd translocation rate at the seedling stage.     

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE EQUINE TARSUS

The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed computed tomographic (CT) anatomic reference for the equine tarsus. CT examinations of the tarsal regions from four clinically and radiographically normal adult horses, which were euthanized for reasons not related to musculoskeletal disease, were included in the study. Limbs were removed at the level of midtibia, and 3-mm contiguous transverse CT images were obtained, starting at a level proximal to the tuber calcanei and continuing distally into the proximal metatarsus. Soft tissue and bone windows were used to image different anatomic features, including bones, joints, and various soft tissue components of the tarsus. Each transverse slice was compared with bone models and dissected specimens to assist in the accurate identification of specific structures. The results of the study consist of nine CT images of the equine tarsus. Each image incorporates labeled soft tissue and bone-window images, a directional compass indicating cranial (Cr) or dorsal (D) and lateral (L), and a reconstructed scout image indicating the level through which the transverse slice was made.     

MENISCAL OSSICLES IN LARGE NON-DOMESTIC CATS

Radiographs of the stifles of 6 species of 34 large, non-domestic cats were reviewed foremost for the presence of meniscal ossicles and then for the presence of the other potential four sesamoids. The animals in the review included 12 lions, 7 tigers, 7 cougars, 3 leopards, 3 bobcats, and 2 jaguars. Fluoroscopy, arthrography, computed tomography, necropsy, and histology were also used to evaluate the stifles of one tiger after euthanasia. Ossicles were found in the region of the cranial horn of the medial meniscus in most of the lions, tigers, leopards, and jaguars. These ossicles were found in half of the cougars but in none of the bobcats. Among the large, non-domestic cats, meniscal ossicles had been reported previously only in Bengal tigers. The lions, tigers, and leopards having meniscal ossicles appeared to have a lateral but often not a medial fabella of the gastrocnemius muscle, an observation previously unreported. Popliteal sesamoids and patellas were present in all the skeletally mature cats.     

菜用大豆荚粒品质发育过程及适宜采摘期分析

选用夏播菜用大豆不同熟期组6个代表品种通州豆、楚秀(熟期组Ⅲ)，海系13、南农87c-38(熟期组Ⅳ)，南农大黄豆、黑皮绿仁(熟期组V)，对其荚粒品质发育过程进行系统观察。结果表明：(1)荚长、荚宽及荚厚的发育符合Logistic生长曲线，荚长、荚宽在开花后10-20天伸长较快，基本接近品种的固有长度和宽度；荚厚在开花后25-40天快速增长。(2)百荚鲜重、百粒鲜重发育符合二次曲线，熟期组Ⅲ品种在开花后35～55天达到最大值，而熟期组Ⅳ、熟期组V品种在开花后55—70天达到最大值。(3)出籽率及可溶性糖的变化符合四次曲线方程，在R5-R7前半期可溶性糖含量逐渐提高，R7后半期有所回落；不同熟期组的菜用大豆生长发育变化相似。菜用大豆的适宜采摘期为R6-R7的前半期。