白车轴草对冬季富营养化水体总磷净化效果研究

冬季是大多数水生植物处于衰亡的时期,植物资源匮乏,不利于植物对富营养化水体的周年净化,因此筛选适合于水生的旱生植物来修复富营养化水体是生态修复的发展方向。采用水盆浮板栽培技术,首次研究了白车轴草(Tri-folium repens Linn.)在冬季对成都犀池富营养化人工湖泊中主要元素磷的净化效果及动态过程,并与凤眼莲(Eichhorniacrassipes Solms.)的净化效果进行了对比。结果表明,浮板白车轴草在试验期间生长良好,对富营养化水体中总磷具有非常明显的净化效果,当投放量为1.25 g/L时,对总磷的去除率48 d内可达80%,并且重复性好,对总磷的去除过程拟合曲线符合三次方程。与凤眼莲相比较,白车轴草在冬季更易存活且对磷的净化效果更佳。     

A survey method for evaluating drought-sensitive bryophytes in fragmented forests: A bryophyte life-form based approach

Drought-sensitive bryophytes are especially vulnerable to edge effects caused by forest fragmentation. Because of increased forest fragmentation, these bryophyte species are declining and are in need of conservation. Considering that a field survey including all bryophyte species is very time consuming, methods that make identification less difficult should be tested for their usefulness in conservation. This paper describes an alternative survey method that utilizes the correlation between bryophyte life-forms and microclimates for evaluating drought-sensitive bryophytes. This survey method was examined using epiphytic bryophyte flora on tree trunks in 27 fragmented forests of Kyoto city, in the western part of Japan. The usefulness of life-forms for this evaluation was discussed based on the correlation of life-forms with species richness and microclimates. The results indicated that, while life-from richness was considered to reflect the heterogeneity of moisture availability and light intensity in bryophyte habitats, a certain life-form category (for example, fans and dendroids) seemed to correlate with drought sensitivity of bryophytes. Considering this correlation, an alternative survey method was proposed that utilizes the richness of hygrophilous life-forms. This survey method seems to be more cost-effective than a traditional all-species survey, and provides an important step toward the conservation of drought-sensitive species.     

三疣梭子蟹不同包装方式保鲜效果的比较

三疣梭子蟹属宁波名特优水产养殖品种,但三疣梭子蟹在保藏加工中容易发生褐变,哪种包装方式可抑制梭子蟹褐变并有效延长产品保鲜期,是一个值得探讨的问题。该文对三疣梭子蟹真空包装、气调包装和涂膜包装的保鲜效果进行比较。结果表明：气调包装气体配比为CO2 50%,N2 50%的保鲜效果较好;但真空包装与气调包装和涂膜包装的保鲜效果相比,0～4℃下,真空包装可有效抑制梭子蟹腮部和足部褐变并延长三疣梭子蟹保鲜期,保鲜效果好于气调包装和涂膜包装。     

Habitat structure and prey aggregation determine the functional response in a soil predator-prey interaction

Functional responses describe the per capita consumption rates of predators depending on prey density, which quantifies the energy transfer between trophic levels. We studied a typical interaction of the litter-soil systems between hunting spiders (Pardosa lugubris; Araneae: Lycosidae) and springtails (Heteromurus nitidus; Collembola: Entomobryidae) at varying habitat structure, i.e. with moss vs. without moss. We found a hyperbolic increase in consumption (functional response type II) in the treatment without habitat structure that was converted into a roller-coaster (or dome-shaped in a broad sense) functional response in treatments with habitat structure. Additional experiments suggest that the reduced per capita consumption rates at high prey densities may be explained by aggregative defence behaviour of the springtails. Experimentally, this behaviour was induced by the presence of habitat structure. We analyzed the net-energy gain of this predator-prey interaction by comparing the predator’s metabolic energy loss to its energy gain by consumption. In treatments with habitat structure, the net-energy gain of the predator was limited at intermediate prey densities where prey aggregation reduced the consumption rates. Our results stress the importance of habitat structure and prey behaviour in shaping the functional response in a typical soil-litter predator-prey interaction.     

Impact of litter quality on mineralization processes in managed and abandoned pasture soils in Southern Ecuador

Tropical regions are currently undergoing remarkable rates of land use change accompanied by altered litter inputs to soil. In vast areas of Southern Ecuador forests are clear cut and converted for use as cattle pastures. Frequently these pasture sites are invaded by bracken fern, when bracken becomes dominant pasture productivity decreases and the sites are abandoned. In the present study implications of invasive bracken on soil biogeochemical properties were investigated. Soil samples (0-5 cm) were taken from an active pasture with Setaria sphacelata as predominant grass and from an abandoned pasture overgrown by bracken. Grass (C₄ plant) and bracken (C₃ plant) litter, differing in C:N ratio (33 and 77, respectively) and lignin content (Klason-lignin: 18% and 45%, respectively), were incubated in soils of their corresponding sites and vice versa for 28 days at 22 °C. Unamended microcosms containing only the respective soil or litter were taken as controls. During incubation the amount of CO₂ and its δ¹³C-signature were determined at different time intervals. Additionally, the soil microbial community structure (PLFA-analysis) as well as the concentrations of KCl-extractable C and N were monitored. The comparison between the control soils of active and abandoned pasture sites showed that the massive displacement of Setaria-grass by bracken after pasture abandonment was characterized by decreased pH values accompanied by decreased amounts of readily available organic carbon and nitrogen, a lower microbial biomass and decreased activity as well as a higher relative abundance of actinomycetes. The δ¹³C-signature of CO₂ indicated a preferential mineralization of grass-derived organic carbon in pasture control soils. In soils amended with grass litter the mineralization of soil organic matter was retarded (negative priming effect) and also a preferential utilization of easily available organic substances derived from the grass litter was evident. Compared to the other treatments, the pasture soil amended with grass litter showed an opposite shift in the microbial community structure towards a lower relative abundance of fungi. After addition of bracken litter to the abandoned pasture soil a positive priming effect seemed to be supported by an N limitation at the end of incubation. This was accompanied by an increase in the ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacterial PLFA marker. The differences in litter quality between grass and bracken are important triggers of changes in soil biogeochemical and soil microbial properties after land use conversion.     

The impact of sport-hunting on the population dynamics of an African lion population in a protected area

Between 1999 and 2004 we undertook an ecological study of African lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, western Zimbabwe to measure the impact of sport-hunting beyond the park on the lion population within the park, using radio-telemetry and direct observation. 34 of 62 tagged lions died during the study (of which 24 were shot by sport hunters: 13 adult males, 5 adult females, 6 sub-adult males). Sport hunters in the safari areas surrounding the park killed 72% of tagged adult males from the study area. Over 30% of all males shot were sub-adult (<4 years). Hunting off-take of male lions doubled during 2001-2003 compared to levels in the three preceding years, which caused a decline in numbers of adult males in the population (from an adult sex ratio of 1:3 to 1:6 in favour of adult females). Home ranges made vacant by removal of adult males were filled by immigration of males from the park core. Infanticide was observed when new males entered prides. The proportion of male cubs increased between 1999 and 2004, which may have occurred to compensate for high adult male mortality.     

磷肥在旱地红壤上的后期效应及其作用机制

红壤地区施入的磷肥很容易被吸附固定而留存于土壤中,降低磷肥利用效率,留存于土壤中的磷对土壤生态功能和作物养分供应的后续效应值得关注。基于旱地红壤长期施肥定位试验,探讨常规施肥处理（CK）以及短期施入不同磷肥量（P2O5,0、50、100、150和1 000 kg·hm-2）多年后土壤养分、土壤氮循环过程和作物产量的变化特征。通过多元统计分析方法探讨不同磷肥处理下,土壤全碳、全氮和微生物生物量碳和氮转化过程的潜在速率以及产量等因子间的相互关系及其与磷的后期效应的关系。结果表明,在短期投入高剂量磷肥（1 000 kg·hm-2, P1000）27年后,土壤全碳、全氮和微生物生物量碳与常规施肥处理相比无明显差异,但显著提高了土壤pH和氮循环相关过程速率,包括氮矿化速率（Nitrogen mineralization rate, Nmin）、固氮酶活性（Soil nitrogenase activity, SNA）、潜在硝化速率（Potential nitrification rate, PNR）（P < 0.05）,同时降低了净N2O排放潜能（Net N2O production rate, NN2O）（P < 0.05）。与不施磷（P0）和短期投入低剂量磷肥处理（50,100,150 kg·hm-2）相比,P1000处理中,土壤有效磷（AP）、氮矿化速率、固氮酶活性、潜在硝化速率和潜在N2O产生速率（PN2O）分别增加了33.3%～76.4%、88.2%～388.1%、111.4%～4 826.3%、22.6%～152.4%和13.8%～78.9%（P < 0.05）,同时净N2O排放潜能也降低了64.6%～78.9%（P < 0.05）,表现出明显的磷后效,且在作物生长季更为明显。相关分析和冗余分析表明AP和pH是影响以上土壤生物化学活性最主要的因子。近三年作物平均产量在所有处理中无显著差异,但与土壤TP、AP和pH呈显著正相关;但在长期尺度上（1992—2019年）,P1000处理相对于其他低磷处理累积增产效应达3%～23%。以上结果表明,酸性红壤中短期大量施用磷肥多年后,由于大量磷肥投入导致的土壤pH提升和磷的缓释效应,使得磷肥在促进土壤肥力、微生物活性和土壤氮循环转化活性方面表现出较明显的后期效应。     

流域"地-矿"土地水资源利用冲突测度确定及土地整治策略

量化区域煤炭开采与水土资源相互影响程度,有助于把握土地利用过程中的主要限制因素,提高土地整治的针对性与有效性。该文以山西省泽州县长河流域为研究区,提出煤炭开采与水土资源利用相互影响测度与土地整治策略的思路和方法。首先提出煤炭开采与水土资源相互影响分析框架,并将土地、水和煤炭作为主要的相互影响对象,将土地利用系统作为影响载体,借助数学模型和GIS空间分析技术,依次评价土地损毁累积作用指数、水资源匮乏指数和煤炭资源损失指数;然后确定综合影响值及其等级空间分布,并据此将流域划分为重点生态修复区、重点生态保护区、损毁土地复垦区、耕地资源保护区、水资源匮乏修复区、水资源与耕地资源保护区和耕地质量提升区等七大土地利用功能区,并根据主要限制因素提出相应的土地整治策略。研究结果表明综合影响高值区及中值区面积占研究区总面积的分别是20.21%和33.39%,主要分布在流域西部,是煤炭开采活动集聚区,煤炭压覆及土地损毁是冲突主要表现特征,划分为重点生态修复区、重点生态保护区、损毁土地复垦区和耕地资源保护区;综合影响低值区及(基本)无影响区分别占24.24%和22.16%,主要分布在流域东部,水资源匮乏是冲突主要表现特征,划分为水资源匮乏修复区、水资源与耕地资源保护区、耕地质量提升区,以上分区与土地利用总体规划中土地用途分区基本吻合。综合影响测度模型有利于定量分析"煤炭-水土"相互利用影响等级与主导限制因素,为制定有效的土地整治策略提供依据。     

基于野外大田试验的接菌紫穗槐生态修复效应研究

[目的]研究接菌紫穗槐对矿区退化植被的恢复生态效应,以期为丛枝菌根真菌应用于西部干旱半干旱煤矿区生态重建提供理论基础和野外试验基础数据。[方法]以紫穗槐为宿主植物,在野外大田条件下研究接种丛枝菌根真菌和紫穗槐的共生状况,以及对煤矿开采沉陷区植物根际土壤的改良作用。[结果]4a的连续监测结果表明,接菌促进了紫穗槐的生长,接菌紫穗槐成活率比对照高30%以上;接菌紫穗槐菌根侵染率和菌丝密度显著高于对照;接种菌根提高了紫穗槐根际土壤有效磷含量且降低了pH值,取得较好的生态修复效应。[结论]在野外大田条件下,接种菌根真菌能够促进植物—菌根共生关系的形成,改善植物—菌根共生体的营养环境。