木霉菌M2的鉴定及其对小白菜促生效果研究

以一株分离自健康、高产辣椒根际土壤的木霉菌(Trichoderma spp.)M2为供试菌株,研究其对小白菜生长发育的影响并在形态学分类的基础上结合r DNA-ITS序列分析的手段,对木霉菌M2进行分类鉴定,以期为微生物肥料的开发提供优良菌种。将木霉菌M2进行固体发酵制得孢子粉,研究其在温室条件下是否对小白菜的生长具有促生能力。结果表明:菌株M2属于哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum);在温室盆栽试验中,土壤接种M2孢子粉对小白菜具有不同程度的增产作用,且能够提高叶绿素含量、可食用叶片数,其中接种5.0×10~9cfu的M2孢子粉处理的鲜重、干重最高,比对照组分别增加30.26%、20.08%;接种5.0×10~8cfu的M2孢子粉处理鲜重、干重较对照组分别增加18.33%、12.46%。这说明哈茨木霉M2菌株对小白菜的增产效果明显,具有潜在的农业应用价值。     

山地流域土地利用时空演变的地形梯度特征——以乌江北源为例

地形因子是丘陵山区土地利用空间分布格局的重要影响因素之一,对土地的利用方式和空间格局有着直接作用。以乌江北源2000年、2005年和2010年Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像为数据源,采用高程、坡度、地形位指数3个指标,分析了山地流域土地利用时空演变的地形梯度特征。结果表明:（1）2000—2010年,林地、建设用地和水域用地面积增加,耕地和草地面积减少。土地利用类型以林地和耕地为主,反映了山地流域土地利用结构特点;（2）研究区土地利用类型的地形梯度特征明显。耕地、建设用地、水域用地在低地形梯度上有明显分布优势。林地、未利用地分布优势在高地形梯度上;（3）耕地、建设用地优势分布主要受坡度梯度的影响,高程梯度决定了水域用地的分布,这与其他平原、丘陵地区有所不同。地形因素是山地流域土地利用结构演变的决定性因素,其他社会、经济、人文因素都对该区域土地利用格局的转变起到推动作用。在对山地流域土地开发利用过程中,应兼顾生态效益和社会经济效益,保障河流源区生态经济的持续发展。     

Persistence of sulfentrazone in soil under soybean and its carryover effect on bioindicators

To assess the persistence and dissipation kinetics of sulfentrazone in soil, terminal residues in soybean and carryover effect on bioindicator species, field experiment was carried out under Indian tropical conditions. The sulfentrazone was applied at 360, 480 and 720?g a.i. ha^?1 rates as pre-emergence herbicide. Its residues in soil and in soybean at harvest were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography. Results showed that the sulfentrazone dissipation in soil followed first-order reaction kinetics with the half-lives of 5.5 to 14.8 days. Terminal residue in shoot and grain showed that sulfentazone at 360?g ha^?1 can be safely applied for weed control in soybean since there was no phytotoxicity injury to the crop. The residue in soybean grain was within the safe limits (0.05?µg g^?1) as proposed by US. However, the detection of sulfentrazone residue in soil at harvest and carryover injury to bioindicator signified the risk for crops in succession. Hence the use of this herbicide in soil with low organic matter and coarse texture is questionable as it is highly mobile. Further biomagnifications of sulfentrazone residue in soil and crop produce under continuous use and interaction of climatic variables and soil properties on its persistence, sorption and leaching behavior need to be investigated.     

Effect of nutrient solution salinity and ionic concentration on parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) essential oil yield and content

The growth and essential oil (EO) production of parsley were evaluated in response to salinity and nutrient solution concentrations in a soilless culture. Parsley plants that were 60 days old were potted in a coconut fiber and peat moss medium and were treated with four different nutrient solutions, including T1, T2, T3 and T4. The T1 nutrient solution was the standard, the T2 and T3 solutions contained incremental macronutrient concentrations with an electrical conductivity (EC) of up to 2.2 and 3.2 dS m^?1, respectively, and the T4 solution was the same as T2 but with sodium chloride (NaCl) and an incremental macronutrient concentration with an EC of 3.2 dS m^?1. Next, these plants were grown for 90 days in a greenhouse with natural daylight in Nador, Morocco. Shoot and root growth significant decreased with increasing EC. However, the salinity that resulted from the addition of NaCl did not affect plant growth in the nutrient solutions. The optimum obtained growth and EO production were 1.2 and 2.2 dS m^?1, respectively. Consequently, the optimum EC value (based on the EO production) of parsley in the soilless culture was 1.2–2.2 dS m^?1.     

安徽省油菜磷肥施用效果及土壤有效磷丰缺指标研究

为了解油菜磷肥施用效果及土壤有效磷丰缺指标,选择安徽省典型油菜产区,开展多年多点田间小区试验,设置不施磷和施磷2个处理,研究施用磷肥对安徽省冬油菜产量、增产效果和经济效益的影响,并通过建立油菜籽粒相对产量和土壤有效磷含量的关系,确定土壤有效磷丰缺指标。结果表明,油菜施用磷肥增产增收效果明显。油菜施磷后的产量平均为2 571 kg/hm~2,增产量和增产率分别为672 kg/hm~2和41.5%。施磷每公顷增收2 012元,89.6%的试验点产投比2.0,施磷收益显著。以相对产量60%,60%~75%,75%~90%,90%~95%和95%为标准,将土壤有效磷分成"严重缺乏"、"缺乏"、"轻度缺乏"、"适宜"和"丰富"5级,对应的丰缺指标为6.5、6.5~13.0、13.0~26.5、26.5~34.0和34.0 mg/kg。该研究结果为水稻田冬油菜的磷肥管理提供依据。     

集中流作用下黄土坡面剥蚀率对侵蚀动力学参数的响应

集中流引起的细沟侵蚀是黄土高原坡耕地主要侵蚀方式之一,对坡面集中水流动力学特性研究有利于掌握坡面集中流剥蚀产沙的根本原因,但目前哪种集中流水动力学参数最能准确揭示侵蚀动力过程机理尚不明确。该文采用室内集中流放水冲刷试验,以黄土高原典型黄绵土为研究对象,研究坡面平均和瞬时剥蚀率与相应水流剪切力、水流功率、单位水流功率以及过水断面单位能量之间的关系。结果表明,除了瞬时过水断面单位能量拟合效果较差外,其他平均和瞬时水力学参数均能够较好地与坡面剥蚀率建立不同的拟合关系。所有参数中平均水流功率是描述本试验条件下的最优水力学参数。由于细沟发育过程中大量坍塌的出现,导致整个径流剪切力和水流功率与剥蚀率之间的关系曲线整体上升,出现了临界剪切力和临界水流功率为负值的情况。通过与仅考虑水流对坡面直接作用参数所得结果对比,表明坍塌等作用在细沟发育过程中具有重要影响,对剥蚀率的贡献可达90.93%。研究可为控制和预防集中流侵蚀发生提供科学依据。     

Short‐term releases of CO2 from newly mixed biochar and calcareous soil

The work aimed to quantify native organic C mobilized in one calcareous soil in the 21 days after addition of biochar at a range of large to very large applications. The experiment was carried out in unplanted microcosms, and CO₂ flux was used as a measure of net mineralization. A rapid methodological approach, which does not require ¹³C as a tracer, was used to assess any priming effects induced by the biochar. The amount of CO₂‐C mobilized was small relative to the amount of biochar C and proportional to the amount of the biochar added. The additional CO₂‐C was similar to the content of the water‐soluble organic carbon in the biochar added with each application. No interaction with native soil C, that is priming effect, was observed.     

中国农田生态系统氮素平衡模型的建立及其应用

借助物质流分析中"输入=输出+盈余"的物质守恒原理,以氮素养分为介质建立中国农田生态系统氮素平衡模型,然后用2004年中国农业统计资料和文献查询获取的参数,估算中国不同地区的氮养分输入输出以及养分盈余并分析养分产生的环境效应。模型计算结果表明,2004年农田生态系统通过挥发、反硝化、植株蒸腾、淋溶径流和侵蚀等途径损失的氮为1132.8万t,盈余在农田生态系统土壤中的氮为1301.2万t;通过损失途径进入环境中的氮养分和盈余在农田生态系统中的单位面积耕地氮养分负荷高风险地区均集中在中国的东南沿海和部分中部地区。优化化学氮肥用量,有机氮肥与化学氮肥配合施用是降低农田生态系统氮养分污染潜势的最基本措施,针对中国不同地区因地制宜地制定合理种植结构和推广农田精准化施肥也是十分必要的。     

提高农科专业微生物学课堂教学效果的探讨

针对农科类学生的特点，笔者在微生物学教学过程中，注重利用多媒体直观教学，精炼课堂教学内容，增大课堂教学信息质量，创造交互式学习环境，调动学生学习自主性，获得了较好的教学效果。