Within- and between-stand distribution of attacks by pine weevil [Hylobius abietis (L.)]

The pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) is considered one of the most damaging pests in reforestation areas in Scandinavia. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the within- and between-stand distribution of pine weevil attacks. Between-stand distribution was examined by assessing the frequency of attacks in all newly planted coniferous stands in relation to stands clear-cut at two state forest districts in North Zealand, Denmark. Within-stand distribution was examined by investigating the position and damage to individual seedlings in relation to the position of breeding material. The stand-level attack frequency did not seem to be higher for stands in areas with more clear-cuts. The within-stand distribution of attacks was not influenced by the position of breeding material.     

Lungworm infections (Angiostrongylus vasorum, Crenosoma vulpis, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus) in dogs and cats in Germany and Denmark in 2003–2007

Faecal samples of 4151 dogs from Denmark, 958 dogs from Germany and 231 cats from Germany with clinical signs were examined for lungworm larvae using the Baermann funnel technique between 2003 and 2007. In total, 3.6% of Danish and German dogs shed lungworm larvae. In Denmark, patent infections of dogs with Angiostrongylus vasorum were more prevalent (2.2%) than those with Crenosoma vulpis (1.4%). In Denmark, the majority of A. vasorum- (98%) and C. vulpis-infected (80%) dogs originated from Northern Zealand. The frequency of A. vasorum and C. vulpis infections in Danish dogs obviously decreased from 2003 to 2006. In Germany, canine faecal samples were found more frequently positive for C. vulpis than for A. vasorum larvae (2.4% and 1.2%, respectively). Lungworm-infected dogs originated mainly from southern and western Germany. Larvae of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus were detected in 5.6% of cats from Germany. Overall, a distinct seasonal pattern in the detection of infected dogs was apparent for A. vasorum in Denmark and C. vulpis in Germany. The relatively high number of lungworm-infected dogs and cats indicate that these parasitic diseases should be considered in differential diagnosis of cases of treatment-resistant respiratory/cardiopulmonary distress.     

丹麦湿地景观的保护与开发

介绍了丹麦在湿地景观保护与开发方面所取得的成就。该国湿地保护不仅得力于政府的得力措施及资全堡证,而且得力于广大民众高度的环保意识。他们的做法和经验,对我国会具有一定的借鉴意义。     

丹麦畜禽粪肥利用对中国种养结合循环农业发展的启示

丹麦在畜禽养殖粪肥利用方面处于世界领先地位。丹麦完善的粪肥利用体系可做到种养平衡和按需施肥,在保证畜牧业健康发展的同时,也促进了种植业的发展。该文综述了丹麦粪肥利用与管理现状,重点分析了丹麦种养平衡生产模式和粪肥施用过程中氨减排技术,从科学理念、法规体系、先进技术和成熟模式等方面总结了丹麦畜禽养殖粪肥利用的成功经验,包括全过程污染控制的科学理念,详细量化、严格执行的管理政策法规,先进的粪肥利用关键技术装备,以及完善的粪肥利用模式,以期提高中国畜禽养殖粪肥利用水平,为推进中国种养循环农业发展提供借鉴。     

Quantitative assessment of the likelihood of the introduction of classical swine fever virus into the Danish swine population

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a major infectious-disease agent of livestock and causes production losses through increased morbidity and mortality, particularly of young pigs. We identified the pathways for introduction of CSFV into Denmark and assessed the annual probability of introduction (based on a US Department of Agriculture model). We developed pathways based on material from scientific articles, reports from veterinary agencies and custom officers, and consultations with experts in the field. Returning livestock trucks and legal meat imports were the most important pathways for CSFV introduction to Denmark from other EU states with predicted overall likelihood of one or more introductions of CSFV within a median of 130 years (46-280) provided mitigating steps, such as cleaning trucks, were maintained to a very high standard. The likelihood would increase dramatically if these activities were abandoned: one or more introductions within a median of 5.2 years (2-14). The predicted risks from live-animal imports and semen were extremely low given the very few imports of these products. The most important countries for Denmark's CSFV risk are Germany and the Netherlands, though this risk is again predicted to be dramatically reduced as long as mitigating activities are maintained. We predicted the risk from illegal movements of pork into Denmark to be low because little pork enters through this route and only a small fraction of this pork would be fed to pigs.     

丹麦森林医疗花园——以纳卡蒂亚森林医疗花园为例

自20世纪80年代以来,医疗花园在世界各地蓬勃发展。森林以其独特的环境,经过适当的设计,是理想的天然医疗花园。文中概述了丹麦森林和森林医疗花园发展情况,详细介绍了丹麦纳卡蒂亚森林医疗花园,包括设计理念及方案和医疗活动安排等,以期对我国森林医疗花园的兴起和发展起到推动作用。     

Rodent impact on establishment of direct-seeded Fagus sylvatica,Quercus robur and Quercus petraea on forest land

Abstract

Seed predation by granivorous rodents constitutes a major problem during reforestation using direct seeding. Acorns or beech nuts were sown at 14 different sites in Denmark and southern Sweden, and seedling establishment was inventoried during the first three growing seasons. Around the time of sowing, rodents were either snap-trapped or live-trapped. At some sites, perches for raptors were installed, and at other sites, signs of predation were investigated or predation was monitored by camera surveillance. Granivorous rodents had a profound negative influence on sowings, and the removal of beech nuts occurred rapidly following sowing. Establishment of oak was better when surroundings consisted of mixed forests rather than broadleaved forests. Fewer rodents were caught, and establishment was better, in large reforestation areas. Rodent captures indicated that forest edges, slash piles and stone wall remains were suitable rodent microhabitats. Snap-trapping or raptor perches did not result in increased oak establishment. Neither sowing in summer nor increased seeding depth decreased predation by rodents on beech nuts. In conclusion, seeds need protection from rodents immediately at the time of sowing. Choosing large regeneration areas combined with removal of suitable rodent habitats seems to be a practical alternative for the development of successful strategies for direct seeding.     

丹麦规模化养猪设施考察报告

介绍了丹麦现代化养猪场中常见的设施、操作和维修措施.猪场中的猪圈地板一般为半漏缝地板,靠近食槽的部分为实心地板,远离食槽的部分为漏缝地板.实心地板与漏缝地板间往往有一个极小的坡度差,使粪水易于自然下泄.冲洗圈舍的设备为高压水枪,有些附有以柴油为能源的水加热装置.喂料控制系统可以运送颗粒或粉状的饲料.室内加热装置有电热、水热及柴油机加热等.     

An epidemiologic study of late-term abortions in dairy cattle in Denmark, July 2000-August 2003

Abortion in dairy cows in well-managed dairies is not common but differences have been reported probably due to variation in animal health, nutrition and management, as well as difficulties in observing the aborted material. A 38-month study of 507 large Danish dairy herds revealed 3354 late-term abortions and 224,419 calvings were recorded. During the study period, a total of 3717 submissions were made to the Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research (DFVF). A broad spectrum of abortive agents was isolated but none were found to be statistically associated with abortions. The number of abortions in a month on a dairy was significantly (P<0.001) associated with the number of cows in the third trimester but explained only 11% (R(adj)(2)=0.114) of the variability of the reported abortions. A total of 23 herds (4.5%) reported 531 abortions (15.8%). Although a marginally significant (P=0.11) risk of increased abortions was found to exist in bovine viral diarrhea virus- (BVDV) infected herds, it could be at least partially explained by additional calvings in those herds. Temporal correlation between inseminations and abortions was statistically significant (P<0.001) with the highest correlation (r=0.47-0.51) after lagging abortions on insemination by 6-8 months. No indication of spatial clustering was detected for either specific-abortogenic pathogens or high aborting dairies using either Cuzick-Edwards' (P>0.17) or spatial scan tests (P>0.23). Ederer-Myers-Mantel test was applied to 3 years of data on the highest aborting dairies and showed that July had nearly double the expected number of maximum monthly abortions (P<0.001). These findings provide further insight into the reported abortion pattern in Danish dairies and may facilitate planning future control programs.     

Towards incorporating spatial risk analysis for Salmonella sero-positivity into the Danish swine surveillance programme

An increased incidence of pork-related human salmonellosis in Denmark led to the development of a national control programme for Salmonella in Danish swine herds in 1993. The aim of the programme has been met and now the issue of cost-effectiveness is receiving greater attention. An appropriate way to address this is to bring a risk-based focus to the programme.

We describe a practical approach to risk-based surveillance through spatial risk assessment using serological and questionnaire data from 2280 herds in 1995. A mixed effects logistic regression model was fitted and both first- and second-order spatial properties of the random effects were investigated. We identified wet-feeding (OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.54–0.75) and SPF health status (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.52–0.81) as protective factors for Salmonella sero-positivity. Purchasing feed (OR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.61–2.04) was a risk factor. The west of the study area generally, and the north of Jutland in particular, experienced the greatest disease risk after controlling for the covariates. There was some evidence for spatial dependency between farms at distances of 6 km (95% CI: 2–35 km) on the Jutland peninsula.

We conclude that when farm location details are analysed in conjunction with routinely recorded surveillance information (such as that collected by the Danish swine Salmonella control programme) and targeted industry surveys (such as those conducted by slaughterhouse co-operatives), our knowledge of the behaviour of disease in animal populations is enhanced and this provides a more informed framework for designing efficient, risk-based surveillance strategies.