The pollen record of a 20th century spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) outbreak in a Colorado subalpine forest,USA

The frequency and intensity of ecosystem disturbance, including outbreaks of forest insects and forest fires, is expected to increase in the future as a result of higher temperatures and prolonged drought. While many studies have concentrated on the future climatic impacts on fire, little is known about the impact of future climate on insect infestation. Paleoecological techniques are important in this regard in identifying the potential relationships between climate and insect outbreaks in the past, as a predictive tool for the future. We examine a high-resolution 20th century record of spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) infestation from a small, subalpine lake, comparing the paleoecological record to the historical and tree-ring record of the event. An extensive spruce beetle outbreak occurred in northwestern Colorado during the 1940s and 1950s, causing widespread mortality of mature Picea engelmannii. Pollen analysis of this period documents the decline of Picea and its replacement locally by Abies lasiocarpa, paralleling age and composition studies of modern forest stands in the region. This study is a proof of concept that, when applied to longer sedimentary records, could produce a detailed record of infestation for the Late Holocene or older time periods. This information will be useful to forest managers in efforts to plan for the effects of D. rufipennis infestations, and subsequent succession within high elevation conifer forests.     

太白山华山松大小蠹防治初探

华山松大小蠹是为害华山松主要的蛀干害虫,被称为＂华山松的癌症＂,多年来人们一直在探索尚未见一成效显著的办法。本文根据太白山西河营林区地处秦岭北麓的地理位置及气候环境,结合连续几年对深山区华山松林发生的华山松大小蠹虫的监测与防治实践工作,归纳整理的一些采取营林与化学药剂相结合的防治措施,对于周边林区防治华山松大小蠹虫害具有参考价值。     

华山松大小蠹成虫复眼的外部形态及显微结构

【目的】对华山松大小蠹雌雄成虫复眼的外部形态和内部结构进行研究,为进一步探索华山松大小蠹感光和光选择机制提供理论基础。【方法】应用扫描电镜与透射电镜对华山松大小蠹复眼的形态结构进行观察。【结果】华山松大小蠹复眼呈长椭圆形,位于头部两侧;眼表面光滑平坦,小眼间隙被覆有感觉毛。华山松大小蠹雌、雄成虫复眼的小眼组成数目分别为238~250和187~202;雌性小眼间隙着生有角膜乳突;复眼中心区域小眼呈正六边形,边缘区域的小眼为不规则的四边形或六边形。华山松大小蠹成虫复眼具有典型的无晶锥并列像眼。华山松大小蠹成虫复眼由1个角膜、1个晶锥体、2个初级色素细胞、8个小网膜细胞和其特化的视杆、若干个次级色素细胞和基膜构成。视杆属于半集中型视杆。【结论】华山松大小蠹雌雄成虫复眼具有相同的内部结构,但雌性成虫复眼分辨能力和可见距离稍优于雄性成虫。     

华山松蓝变真菌(Leptographium qinlingensis)的生物学特性研究

【目的】秦岭细粘束孢(Leptographium qinlingensis)是华山松大小蠹成虫携带的致病性真菌,在华山松大小蠹入侵健康华山松后,于寄主韧皮部和木质部边材组织与细胞内发育,分解树脂道泌脂细胞和薄壁细胞,进而影响华山松树脂代谢和水分代谢。对秦岭细粘束孢的生物学特性进行研究,可为华山松大小蠹的综合防治提供理论依据。【方法】通过室内抑菌试验,测定不同温度(5,10,15,20,25,27.5,30和35℃)、培养基(PDA、麦芽汁、察氏和PDA+华山松韧皮部浸提液)、pH值(4.0,5.0,5.5,6.0,6.5,7.0和8.0)、水势(-0.2,-0.5,-1.0,-1.5,-2.0和-2.5 Mpa)和松针汁(华山松、油松、白皮松、云杉)对秦岭细粘束孢菌丝和孢子发育的影响,并比较了氧化铜、甲霜灵、甲基托布津、代森锌、链霉素和多菌灵6种杀菌剂的抑菌活性。【结果】秦岭细粘束孢菌丝生长的适宜温度为20~30℃,菌丝最适生长温度为27.5℃,产孢最适温度为20℃;该菌在麦芽汁培养基中生长和产孢最好;菌丝生长和孢子发育的适宜pH为4.0~6.5,以pH值5为最佳;在高水势环境下生长较好,菌丝体生物量随培养基水势的降低而不断减少;在添加华山松针叶汁的PDA培养基中,菌丝生长和产孢最好;代森锌、甲基托布津、甲霜灵和氧化铜均有较强的抑菌作用,其中以代森锌效果最明显。【结论】初步探明了秦岭细粘束孢菌丝生长和产孢的最适温度、培养基、pH值和培养基水势;进一步证明了秦岭细粘束孢对寄主华山松营养的高度选择性;筛选出了对秦岭细粘束孢抑菌效果较好的杀菌剂。     

华山松种源选择研究

三峡地区通过对全国10省(区、市)35个华山松种源选择及中试研究,迄今已有26a,取得了结果,为在种子调拨范围和方向上发展华山松提供了科学依据。在三峡地区第1次取得了华山松种源选择的大量系统数据,确定了三峡地区适宜种源。最适宜三峡山区造林的是重庆城口的种子,比本省巴东种源材积提高60.1%,比平均值材积提高22.3%。     

Risk rating for mountain pine beetle infestation of lodgepole pine forests over large areas with ordinal regression modelling

The mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins is endemic to lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann, forests in western Canada. However, the current beetle epidemic in this area highlights the challenges faced by forest managers tasked with prioritizing stands for mitigation activities such as salvage harvesting and direct control methods. In western Canada, the operational risk rating system for mountain pine beetle is based on biological knowledge gained from a rich legacy of stand-scale field studies. Due to the large spatial (millions of hectares affected) and temporal (over 10 years) extents of the current epidemic, new research into large-area mountain pine beetle processes has revealed further insights into the landscape-scale characteristics of beetle infested forests. In this paper, we evaluated the potential for this new knowledge to augment an established system for rating the short-term risk of tree mortality in a stand due to mountain pine beetle. New variables explored for utility in risk rating include direct shortwave radiation, site index, diameter at breast height, the temporal trends in local beetle populations, Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification and beetle–host interaction variables. Proportional odds ordinal regression was used to develop a model for the Vanderhoof Forest District in west-central British Columbia. Prediction on independent data was assessed with the area under the receiver operator curve (AUC), indicating good discriminatory power (AUC = 0.84) for predicting levels of mountain pine beetle-caused pine mortality.     

红脂大小蠹及油松挥发物对捕食性天敌寄主选择行为的影响

利用树木解剖及昆虫饲养选择的方法调查红脂大小蠹的捕食性天敌,发现一种鞘翅目颚甲科的昆虫为红脂大小蠹的天敌.利用Y-型嗅觉仪进一步研究发现健康油松挥发物、虫害油松挥发物及虫粪挥发物对该天敌昆虫都有显著的引诱作用,尤其对虫害油松挥发物趋向行为更强烈.该天敌昆虫在栖境定位和寄主选择过程中所利用的挥发物主要来自上述3类挥发物.4种单萜烯化合物对此种天敌昆虫的室内引诱实验发现,(S)-( )-3-蒈烯对天敌的引诱作用较为强烈.     

华山松单萜和倍半萜组分的地理变异

用气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用仪鉴定了华山松皮油树脂中12种成分。对贵州省平坝县华山松良种场华山松种源试验林中13个种源树皮含油树脂样品分析,观察到单萜总量和倍半萜总量,包括α-蒎烯、双戊烯和蛇麻烯等成分的含量与其种源产地纬度有极明显的地理变异规律。云贵高原种源为以双戊烯为主的单萜类型;秦岭—大巴山地种源是以蛇麻烯为主的倍半萜类型。     

绿色威雷防治红脂大小蠹试验

应用不同囊皮厚度的绿色威雷Ⅰ号和Ⅱ号对红脂大小蠹进行室内毒力测定，选出致死率较高的浓度为25倍稀释液，用该浓度药液通过野外网虫试验，第15天接虫死亡率可达80％以上。在有效期内其林间防治效果良好，虫孔减退率分别达100％和94．2％。     

Using the Tools of the Information Age to Enhance Research and Management of the Southern Pine Beetle

The Southern Pine Beetle (SPB) is a major pest in southern U.S.A., Mexico, and Central America. Enormous resources in terms of funding, personnel, and effort have been allocated for research and development of pest management tools for this pest over the past century. Access to information from journal articles, reports, fact sheets, etc. does require some effort and is often incomplete and difficult to obtain. The emergence of the Internet now allows rapid access to information from diverse sources. We have created a comprehensive website entitled, 'The Southern Pine Beetle Internet Control Center' (SPBICC) (www.spbicc.vt.edu). The goal of the site is to provide all available resources on SPB to anyone with access to the Internet. It is also designed to increase communication among researchers and professionals to help advance the management of this pest. The site is interactive, which permits constant updating without contacting a webmaster. Attributes of the site include background information in the form of fact sheets, reviews, and government handbooks; an interactive diagnostic identification key for SPB and other bark beetles; a searchable expertise directory; a calendar of SPB-related events; a discussion forum; an online SPB spot growth predictive model; a searchable bibliographic database; a webcrawler designed to search for SPB-related websites, and more. Web-based tools were developed to integrate relational databases as the functional base of this site. The dynamic nature of the SPBICC makes it a powerful tool and a model for development of websites for other major agricultural or forest pests.