华山松孢锈病研究概述

该文对华山松疱锈病的分布与危害、发病规律、发病机制、防治措施等的研究现状、研究进展等做了综述性介绍。     

红脂大小蠹对4种针叶树树皮的行为趋向研究

通过GC-MS顶空进样的方法测定油松、落叶松、马尾松和黄山松树皮的挥发性物质,显示α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯是树皮的挥发性物质中的主要成份;单一树皮饲喂证实红脂大小蠹对4种树皮均能钻蛀取食;嗅觉行为实验和取食趋向实验比较红脂大小蠹对4种针叶树树皮的行为趋向,结果表明4种树皮间存在差异性:对油松的选择趋向性最为明显;其次是落叶松;对马尾松和黄山松的趋向性较弱。4种松树树皮的挥发性成份的分析结果与红脂大小蠹对其的选择趋向性间相关性不明显。     

基于CLIMEX和GIS的黑脂大小蠹在中国的适生区域预测

 黑脂大小蠹是美国东南部地区危害松危杉类针叶树种的害虫。为了解黑脂大小蠹在我国潜在危害范围和程度,研究采用CLIMEX模型与ArcGIS分析相结合的预测方法,通过选择黑脂大小蠹适生且危害严重的3个基准点与中国气候点的数据进行比较,分析了基准点与我国的701个气候点气候数据的相似程度,确定黑脂大小蠹在我国的潜在适生范围。结果表明黑脂大小蠹在我国可能适宜其定殖的地区范围较广,其中,贵州、四川东部、重庆、湖北、湖南北部、安徽、江苏、上海、浙江等华中地区是黑脂大小蠹的潜在最适生区。     

华山松大小蠹共生真菌新种Leptographium qinlingensis

报道了与危害中国秦岭华山松的华山松大小蠹相关的真菌新种,描述了其有性阶段和无性阶段的形态特征.研究标本保存于西北农林科技大学.     

不同疏伐强度对华山松母树林生长结实的效应

母树林的生长结实与疏伐有直接的关系；不同的疏伐强度能对母树林的生长发育和结实产生不同的作用。通过对华山松人工林不同疏伐强度的多年研究，展示了华山松母树林不同疏伐强度的生长、发育和结实情况，并提出了华山松母树林的合理综合疏伐强度指标。得出了改建华山松母树林应以郁闭度0．5～0.6为控制疏伐强度的指标。     

Bark beetle community structure under four ponderosa pine forest stand conditions in northern Arizona

We studied the bark beetle guild (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona to explore if the species assemblages and relative abundance differ between managed and unmanaged stands. Four stand conditions were assessed: (1) unmanaged stands with high tree density, (2) thinned stands, (3) thinned and burned (with prescribed fire) stands and (4) stands that had been burned by stand replacing wildfires. The study was conducted in the ponderosa pine forests of the Coconino Plateau, northern Arizona. For several decades this area has been relatively free of bark beetle outbreaks despite the current overstocked condition of many stands. We found that a similar species assemblage composed of Dendroctonus frontalis, D. brevicomis, D. valens, D. approximatus, D. ponderosae, and Ips pini occurred across all four stand conditions over 3 years of study. The population levels of all these species were endemic across all stand conditions. The non-aggressive D. approximatus and D. valens were indicator species for thinned and unmanaged stands, respectively, but this was not consistent among years. The ambrosia beetle Gnathotrichus sp. and the bark beetle predator Enoclerus sp. consistently indicated stands burned by wildfire. In addition to our field experiment, we analyzed the historical pattern of attacks of bark beetles in our area of study. Our findings suggest that the pattern of attack of D. brevicomis (the only Dendroctonus species for which attacks have been reported) and Ips spp. has been through scattered small infestations in groups of 1–10 trees. Whereas small infestations by Ips spp. are increasing, those for D. brevicomis are decreasing. Although we agree that the high density stands in northern Arizona are in an “unhealthy” condition, our results do not show that they were supporting large bark beetle outbreaks. Our results challenge the theoretical assumptions about the relationship between stand structure, tree resistance and bark beetle performance.     

华山松大小蠹共生真菌新种Leptographium pinlingensis

报道了与危害中国秦岭华山松的化山松大小蠹相关的真菌新种，描述了其有性阶段和无性阶段的形态特征。研究标本保存于西北农林科技大学。     

华山松蓝变真菌(Leptographium qinlingensis)的生物学特性研究

【目的】秦岭细粘束孢(Leptographium qinlingensis)是华山松大小蠹成虫携带的致病性真菌,在华山松大小蠹入侵健康华山松后,于寄主韧皮部和木质部边材组织与细胞内发育,分解树脂道泌脂细胞和薄壁细胞,进而影响华山松树脂代谢和水分代谢。对秦岭细粘束孢的生物学特性进行研究,可为华山松大小蠹的综合防治提供理论依据。【方法】通过室内抑菌试验,测定不同温度(5,10,15,20,25,27.5,30和35℃)、培养基(PDA、麦芽汁、察氏和PDA+华山松韧皮部浸提液)、pH值(4.0,5.0,5.5,6.0,6.5,7.0和8.0)、水势(-0.2,-0.5,-1.0,-1.5,-2.0和-2.5 Mpa)和松针汁(华山松、油松、白皮松、云杉)对秦岭细粘束孢菌丝和孢子发育的影响,并比较了氧化铜、甲霜灵、甲基托布津、代森锌、链霉素和多菌灵6种杀菌剂的抑菌活性。【结果】秦岭细粘束孢菌丝生长的适宜温度为20~30℃,菌丝最适生长温度为27.5℃,产孢最适温度为20℃;该菌在麦芽汁培养基中生长和产孢最好;菌丝生长和孢子发育的适宜pH为4.0~6.5,以pH值5为最佳;在高水势环境下生长较好,菌丝体生物量随培养基水势的降低而不断减少;在添加华山松针叶汁的PDA培养基中,菌丝生长和产孢最好;代森锌、甲基托布津、甲霜灵和氧化铜均有较强的抑菌作用,其中以代森锌效果最明显。【结论】初步探明了秦岭细粘束孢菌丝生长和产孢的最适温度、培养基、pH值和培养基水势;进一步证明了秦岭细粘束孢对寄主华山松营养的高度选择性;筛选出了对秦岭细粘束孢抑菌效果较好的杀菌剂。     

红脂大小蠹、华山松大小蠹和云杉大小蠹形态学比较

对陕西省渭南地区的红脂大小蠹(Dendroctonus valens)、秦巴林区的华山松大小蠹 (D. armandi)和祁连山林区的云杉大小蠹(D. micans)的形态学进行了比较研究,结果表明,3种大小蠹在形态特征、危害症状等方面有显著差异.     

华山松大小蠹成虫复眼的外部形态及显微结构

【目的】对华山松大小蠹雌雄成虫复眼的外部形态和内部结构进行研究,为进一步探索华山松大小蠹感光和光选择机制提供理论基础。【方法】应用扫描电镜与透射电镜对华山松大小蠹复眼的形态结构进行观察。【结果】华山松大小蠹复眼呈长椭圆形,位于头部两侧;眼表面光滑平坦,小眼间隙被覆有感觉毛。华山松大小蠹雌、雄成虫复眼的小眼组成数目分别为238~250和187~202;雌性小眼间隙着生有角膜乳突;复眼中心区域小眼呈正六边形,边缘区域的小眼为不规则的四边形或六边形。华山松大小蠹成虫复眼具有典型的无晶锥并列像眼。华山松大小蠹成虫复眼由1个角膜、1个晶锥体、2个初级色素细胞、8个小网膜细胞和其特化的视杆、若干个次级色素细胞和基膜构成。视杆属于半集中型视杆。【结论】华山松大小蠹雌雄成虫复眼具有相同的内部结构,但雌性成虫复眼分辨能力和可见距离稍优于雄性成虫。