核不育芝麻小孢子败育机理的细胞学研究

核不育芝麻小孢子败育发生在四分体形成之后的无液泡小孢子期,败育在很短的时间内完成。败育前小孢子大量液泡化,其线粒体异常膨大与质体的基质化可作为小孢子开始败育的标志。败育小孢子缺少花粉外壁上的覆盖层。芝麻花药绒毡层的异常,包括有机物贮量的降低;细胞内含物的异位分布及迅速减少与消失;不能及时或缺乏分泌胼胝质     

Chilling Tolerance, Cold Hardening and Freezing Tolerance of Low-temperature-tolerant Mutants of Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura

Two low-temperature-tolerant mutants of the Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura cultivar ‘Puck’ derived from an x-radiated tissue culture system were compared, as vegetatively growing plants, to ‘Puck’ ssfor several physiological properties under low-temperature conditions. So far, the low-temperature tolerance of the mutants has been defined as the capacity to flower earlier under low temperature conditions (8—15°C) the wild type. All three lines were not chilling sensitive in the vegetative state and were able to acclimatize and to develop freezing tolerance. Differences between ‘Puck’ and the mutants were found but could not be related to the low-temperature tolerance of the mutants in the generative phase. Levels of the amino acid proline increased during the hardening process, reaching the highest level in the cultivar ‘Puck’. No evidence could be obtained that proline is causally involved in the cold-hardening process. Freezing-induced membrane injury was found to decrease with cold hardening (0—28 days) but the two mutants did not show a greater capacity to acclimatize and cold harden than the original cultivar ‘Puck’.     

Gamma Ray-Induced Field Tolerance to Phytophthora Blight in Sesame

Due to the non-availability of sources of resistance in Sri Lanka to Phytopbthora blight in sesame (Sesamum indicum) caused by Phytopbthora nicotianae var. parasitica, a mutation breeding programme was initiated. Seeds of three genotypes were subjected to six doses of gamma rays from 100 Gy to 750 Gy from a ⁶⁰Co source. Seeds of M₂ bulks, sampled by variety and treatment from the first five capsules formed on M₁ plants, were grown in a field with a history of repeated incidence of the disease. The best 21 lines, having the highest survival and seed production, identified in the screening of M₃ and M₄ progeny rows of selected M₂ single plants were then tested in a replicated field trial with the recommended cultivar ‘MI 3’ as a control. The plant survival in selected lines averaged 43.3 percent as against 7.2 percent in the recommended variety. Eight selections recorded significantly higher seed yield than ‘MI 3’ at P < 0.01 and another three at P < 0.05. Gamma ray treatments of 450 Gy and 600 Gy produced more lines tolerant to the disease than the other doses used.     

不同光质对菊花组培苗生长的影响

【研究目的】该文研究新型光源LED辐射的不同光质对菊花组培苗生长的影响,以期为植物组培专用LED光源的研发提供数据支持和理论依据。【方法】以菊花组培苗为试材,采用LEDs光源发射的单色光谱红光[(625±20)nm]、蓝光[(460±20)nm]、远红光[(730±20)nm]和绿光[(530±20)nm],进行不同光质配比组合,荧光灯作为对照,对组培苗形态、生根,色素含量,碳氮代谢及抗氧化酶系活性进行差异比较。【结果】菊花组培苗在红光下徒长,能效最大。蓝光下矮壮,根系活力最大,复合LEDs光质下,组培苗形态正常。RBG处理的菊花组培苗叶片色素含量最高。红光有利于叶绿素b的合成,蓝光有利于叶绿素a的合成。单频红光处理的菊花叶片淀粉含量最高,RBG处理的叶片可溶性糖、碳水化合物蔗糖、游离氨基酸含量最高。蓝光有利于蛋白质的合成,LEDs光质处理的叶片C/N比高于荧光灯。【结论】LEDs光源系统将成为植物组织培养的理想光源。     

贵州芝麻种质资源主要表型性状的遗传多样性

为贵州芝麻种质资源保护、形态分类、品种遗传改良及开发利用提供参考,利用聚类分析和遗传相关分析方法对贵州37份芝麻种质资源的25个表型性状进行田间鉴定考察和综合评价。结果表明:14个形态性状的遗传多样性指数在0.287 8~1.595 3,形态类型丰富;11个数量性状的遗传变异系数为7.14%~52.80%,以分枝高度的变异系数最大(52.80%),花冠长度的变异系数最小(7.14%),遗传变异丰富;不同性状间表现出正相关或负相关关系。37份贵州芝麻种质资源聚为4个类群,第I类群有7份资源,第Ⅱ类群共有22份,第Ⅲ类群有5份,第Ⅳ类群有3份,各类群间性状差异明显,其中第Ⅱ类群占供试材料的59.46%,种质资源数量多,变异范围大,遗传类型丰富。聚类结果与资源材料地域来源和分布无直接关系,主要与材料的性状表现类型相关。     

马尾松容器育苗质量控制技术研究

采取不同激素浸种、不同基质配方和容器、营养液配方、不同修根处理和接种印度块菌对马尾松Pinus massoniana容器育苗的试验,结果表明,用GA50mg·L-1+CaCl220mg·L-1溶液浸种能提高发芽率20.1%;用1/2森林腐殖土+1/2的黄心土作基质最有利于马尾松苗木生长;马尾松容器育苗适宜的容器为250mL的硬质塑料管(杯)和6cm×12cm塑料袋.营养液配方以NPK=321的配比为佳;化学修根防止根系畸形效果最好,碳酸铜浓度以150g·L-1较为合适.接种菌根菌是马尾松容器育苗中提高苗木质量的关键技术措施之一.     

芝麻杂种优势及其利用的研究——杂种优势与性状遗传相关

 芝麻各杂交组合杂种的分析结果表明：（1）F#-1产量及其构成性状的杂种优势：单株产量＞每株蒴果数＞千粒重＞每蒴种子数；F#-2虽有自交衰退现象，但仍保持一定的优势。（2）亲子之间在每蒴种子数和千粒重上呈显著正相关。（3）单株产量的增加主要依赖于每株蒴果数的提高，其次为每蒴种子数，而千粒重与产量关系不太密切。     

芝麻大孢子发生和雌配子体发育的研究

本工作主要应用石蜡切片方法,对芝麻大孢子发生和雌配子体的发育进行了观察,同时初步观察了淀粉粒以及减数分裂过程中胼胝质的变化。结果表明:①芝麻为倒生胚珠,单珠被,薄珠心;②大孢子母细胞直接来源于孢原细胞,减数分裂形成线形排列四分体,合点端一个为功能大孢子,胚囊发育为蓼型,成熟胚囊中见不到反足细胞;③在胚囊发育过程中,胚囊两侧的珠心表皮细胞解体,胚囊紧贴于由珠被内表皮转变而成的珠被绒毡层之下。合点端珠心细胞转变为承珠盘;④减数分裂前期,大孢子母细胞无胼胝质壁,二分体、四分体也只有横向的胼胝质壁,而侧壁则无;⑤淀粉粒最初出现在子房壁和胎座中,并不断向胚囊提供多糖类物质。     

印度块菌与园叶杨合成茵根苗技术初探

印度块茵（Tuber indicum Vittad．）是一种经济价值较高的茵根食用茵。对印度块茵与园叶杨（Populus bonatiiLevi）合成茵根苗的技术进行了研究,结果显示,用印度块茵孢子液接种园叶杨树苗后,第1个月至第2个月可形成淡黄色、黄褐色外生茵根。外生茵根为单轴状、羽状和不规则分支状,单根茵根长0．3mm～2mm,直径为0．15mm-0．3mm;平坦或从菌根延伸出外延茵丝,其外延茵丝为半透明,刚毛状、棉花状。茵根老化后变红褐或萎缩;外延茵丝呈透明、半透明、刚毛状、棉花状是印度决茵与园叶杨形成的茵根最重要的形态特征。     

Several Influencing Factors on Fluorescent in situ Hybridization Experimental System Applied to Dendranthema spp.

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied to investigate the phylogenetic relationship among Dendranthema spp. Genomic DNA of wild species which was used as probe did not give specific signals, while 18S-26S rDNA from Arabidopsis, which was used as control probe, showed the loci on the target chromosomes clearly. Satisfied results of FISH were gotten when denaturing digoxingenen-labeled probe and chromosome together in oven at 80℃ for 10-15min. There is little influence on the result by the stringency of washing when rDNA was used as probe. The result also indicates the limitation of genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) when used as an approach to analyze the phylogenetic relationship among Dendranthema spp. and the origin of cultivated chrysanthemum.