迟播对冬小麦灌浆后期高温胁迫下旗叶光合能力和产量的影响

为了解迟播对冬小麦灌浆后期高温胁迫下旗叶光合的调控效应,在大田条件下设置2个播期(常规播期10月8日、推迟播期10月22日)和2种灌浆期温度(开放式增温、自然温度),分析了迟播小麦旗叶光合能力的变化及其对灌浆后期高温胁迫的响应。结果表明,灌浆期高温降低了小麦旗叶光合速率、花后干物质生产量、粒重和产量。与常规播期相比,迟播提高了高温胁迫下小麦旗叶叶绿体类囊体膜不饱和脂肪酸指数,保持类囊体膜相对稳定,减轻高温对旗叶光合机构的损伤;增强了旗叶活性氧清除能力,保障能量传输,减少热耗散,提高光化学反应中可利用能量的分配比例,保持较高的光合系统同化力;提高了气孔导度和胞间CO_2浓度,增加光合作用底物供应。总之,迟播小麦的旗叶可在灌浆期高温胁迫下保持较高的光合能力,有利于提高粒重和产量。     

Nitrogen mineralization from mature bio‐waste compost in vineyard soils. I. Long‐term laboratory incubation experiments

The steadily increasing utilization of bio‐waste compost in German viticulture requires a more detailed investigation of nitrogen (N) mineralization parameters for mature bio‐waste compost applied to vineyard soils. N mineralization kinetics were described with two superposing exponential equations. Long‐term aerobic laboratory incubation experiments of 12 soil‐compost substrates revealed that 5±2.8% of its total N content could be released from a rapidly decomposable fraction (half‐life period t₅₀ = 41 d at 15°C) and another 60±2.9% from a slower decomposable fraction (t₅₀ = 490 d). The remaining proportion (35%) is considered not to be released in the medium term. The obtained potentially mineralizable nitrogen of 65% of total compost N significantly differs from current fertilizer recommendations, which were adopted from calculations for agricultural conditions. For fertilizer recommendations in viticulture, we recommend the consideration of a higher N‐mineralization potential for organic fertilizers.     

Oral administrations of methamidophos and TOCP have different effects on in vitro protein phosphorylation levels from subcellular fractions of hen brain

The effects of methamidophos and tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) on the endogenous phosphorylation of specific brain proteins were studied in Beijing white laying hens during the early stage of delayed neurotoxicity. Phosphorylation of mitochondrial and synaptosomal proteins was assayed in vitro by using [γ-³²P]ATP as phosphate donor. Tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) administration enhanced the phosphorylation of synaptosomal proteins with molecular weight of 40 and 55 kDa by as much as 36% and 65%, respectively, and decreased the phosphorylation of mitochondrial protein (35 kDa) by 33%. A single dose of methamidophos enhanced the phosphorylation of 32-kDa synaptosomal protein by 44%; however, it had no effect on brain mitochondrial proteins. The activity of neuropathy target esterase (NTE) in dosed hens’ brain and spinal cord was assayed for the effects of methamidophos and TOCP. These results showed that methamidophos inhibited brain NTE by 41% compared with that of control after 7-day exposure, while TOCP inhibited brain NTE by 66%. Moreover, NTE activity from spinal cord in treated hens also exhibited a similar trend of activity inhibition. Together, these results suggested that methamidophos and TOCP induced changes of protein phosphorylation level from hen brain and resulted in different kinds of neurotoxicity.     

Variable rate dosing in precision viticulture: Use of electronic devices to improve application efficiency

Two different spray application methods were compared in three vine varieties at different crop stages. A conventional spray application with a constant volume rate per unit ground area (l ha⁻¹) was compared with a variable rate application method designed to compensate electronically for measured variations in canopy dimensions. An air-blast sprayer with individual multi-nozzle spouts was fitted with three ultrasonic sensors and three electro valves on one side, in order to modify the emitted flow rate of the nozzles according to the variability of canopy dimensions in real time. The purpose of this prototype was to precisely apply the required amount of spray liquid and avoid over dosing. On average, a 58% saving in application volume was achieved with the variable rate method, obtaining similar or even better leaf deposits.     

基于WOFOST模型的内蒙古河套灌区玉米低温冷害评价

利用内蒙古河套灌区玉米生长发育观测资料,结合已有研究成果,对WOFOST模型进行本地化及适应性检验;利用研究区内12站1961-2010年逐日气象资料,分区作物参数,模拟玉米生长发育过程,确定抽雄期延迟日数、灌浆指数为玉米低温冷害指标,贮存器官干物重波动百分率为减产情况评价指标,对历史低温冷害年及减产情况进行分析。结果表明：本地化的WOFOST模型在内蒙古河套灌区的应用效果较好,可以用于该地区玉米生长的模拟;WOFOST模型能够较好地模拟玉米发育程度对低温冷害的响应,以抽雄期延迟日数和灌浆指数为冷害指标评估的历史冷害发生状况基本符合实际情况,1961-2010年研究区12个站点共发生不同程度低温冷害260站次,其中重度冷害占37.3%,轻中度占62.7%,在发生严重冷害的年份中,84.7%的年份表现为减产的趋势。本文结论与传统方法相比,玉米低温冷害评价的生物学意义更加明确,本地化的WOFOST模型可以在河套灌区玉米低温冷害监测、评估等业务中应用。     

葡萄延迟栽培研究进展

葡萄延迟栽培作为葡萄设施栽培的一种重要形式,对于调节葡萄果实成熟期,实现葡萄鲜果的周年供应,提高葡萄设施栽培的经济效益具有重要作用。该文综合有关文献,论述了葡萄延迟栽培的原理及延迟栽培的关键技术,并对研究现状做了简要介绍,期望对葡萄的延迟栽培提供理论依据。     

A possible function of Nik-related kinase in the labyrinth layer of delayed delivery mouse placentas

In mice and humans, Nik-related protein kinase (Nrk) is an X-linked gene that encodes a serine/threonine kinase belonging to GCK group 4. Nrk knockout (Nrk KO) mice exhibit delayed delivery, possibly due to defective communication between the Nrk KO conceptus and its mother. However, the mechanism of delayed labor remains largely unknown. Here, we found that in pregnant mothers with the Nrk KO conceptus, the serum progesterone (P4) and placental lactogen (PL-2) concentrations in late pregnancy were higher than those in the wild type. Moreover, we demonstrated that Nrk is expressed in trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) and syncytiotrophoblast-2 (SynT-2) in the labyrinth layer of the mouse placenta. In the human placenta, NRK is also expressed in Syn-T in villi. Both human Syn-T and mouse TGCs of the labyrinth layer are present within fetal tissues that are in direct contact with the maternal blood. The labyrinth layer of the Nrk KO conceptus was gigantic, with enlarged cytoplasm and Golgi bodies in the TGCs. To investigate the function of Nrk in the labyrinth layer, a differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis was performed. The DEG analysis revealed that labor-promoting factors, such as prostaglandins, were decreased, and pregnancy-maintaining factors, such as the prolactin family and P4 receptor, were increased. These findings suggest that the Nrk KO mice exhibit delayed delivery owing to high P4 concentrations caused by the hypersecretion of pregnancy-maintaining factors, such as PL-2, from the placenta.     

Effects of retinal ganglion cell apoptosis on delayed rectifier K+ currents

AIM: To investigate the effects of rat retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis on delayed rectifier K⁺ currents (I_K). METHODS: The retinas of 2~3 d newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were dissociated into cell suspension by trypsin digestion. The RGCs were cultured and divided into control group, pressure 0.5 h group, pressure 1 h group, pressure 1.5 h group and pressure 2 h group. The cells were cultured regularly for 6 d in control group, and the cells in other groups were cultured regularly for 6 d and gave pressure of 80 mmHg for 0.5 h, 1 h, 1.5 h and 2 h, respectively. The rhodamine 123 fluorescence from labeled RGC mitochondrion was detected by continuous wavelength multifunctional microplate detection instrument. The membrane capacitance (C_m) in different groups and I_K in the pressure 1 h group were recorded from the RGCs by whole-cell patch-clamp technique. RESULTS: No difference of rhodamine 123 fluorescence in the RGC mitochondria between control group and pressure 0.5 h group was observed. Rhodamine 123 fluorescence in the other 3 groups was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05). No difference of the C_m between control group and pressure 0.5 h group was found, and the C_m in the other 3 groups was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05). The amplitudes of I_K were higher than that in control group. At the test potential from -10 mV to 60 mV, the current density in pressure 1 h group was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05). The maximal conduction (G_max) in pressure 1 h group was significantly higher than that in control group. The voltage for I_K channel half-activation (V_1/2) in pressure 1 h group declined comparison with control group (P<0.01), and the k value had no significant difference between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Retinal ganglion cell apoptosis accompanies with delayed rectifier K⁺ current enhancement.