低压管道环状管网水力计算

本文对环状管网运行中仅开启一个出水口的水力计算方法进行了探讨。计算出了特征长度系数、平均特征长度系数和最大特征长度系数,并将其排成数表供直接查用。同时计算出了双环管网平均和最大特征长度系数的回归方程,经比较,本文提出的计算方法简单、可靠,便于设计中应用。     

水流作用下悬跨管道振动的实验研究

为了比较得到水下管道安全悬跨长度的判别条件并验证其合理性。使用弹性力一重力相似理论设计模型实验,管道两端均采用固定约束,管道与水流之间的角度分别为90°、75°、60°、45°和30°,悬跨管长分别为1．00m、0．81m、0．73rn、0．70rn。通过实验比较fn≥10fs、fn≥（0．7）-1．fs、fn=5fs（fn为悬跨管道固有频率;六为水流激振频率）3种条件对悬跨管道振动的判别情况。研究表明,根据fn=5fs,即约化速度K=1的条件,计算得到的临界长度较安全、合理,并由fn=5f条件给出了不同管径、壁厚和流速条件下管道临界长度的规律图,研究结果可为水下悬跨管道的安全评价提供借鉴。（图3,表2,参13）     

Length‐based assessment of larval lamprey population structure at differing spatial scales

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Establishing an eyeball-weight relationship for Litopenaeus vannamei using machine vision technology

This study aimed to establish a shrimp eyeball-weight relationship model for Litopenaeus vannamei using machine vision technology. A total of 295 shrimp were sampled from a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). The long-axis length (d), body length (L), and body weight (W) of each individual was measured. The long axis length of the shrimp eyeball was identified and measured using machine vision technology. Continuous fitting and piecewise fitting models were used to construct the eyeball-weight relationship model for L. vannamei. The continuous fitting relationship model was described as: W = 38.865d^2.7914, while the piecewise model was described as: d < 2 mm, W = 0.0326d^3.7363, R² = 0.9288; 2 mm ≤ d < 3.9 mm, W = 0.0401d^3.104, R² = 0.9629; 3.9 mm ≤ d < 5.8 mm, W = 0.0421d^3.0311, R² = 0.9216; 5.8 mm < d, W = 0.103d^2.6226, R² = 0.9457. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the piecewise fitting model (0.0244, 0.1575, 0.5034, 0.7072) was smaller than the continuous fitting model (0.8229). The correlation coefficient (R²) of the piecewise model (0.9288, 0.9629, 0.9216, and 0.9457) was similar to that of the continuous fitting model (R² = 0.9621). The results indicated that the piecewise fitting model is suitable for calculating the biomass of L. vannamei in RAS and provides a novel way of estimating the biomass of L. vannamei cultured in RAS. The piecewise fitting model can also provide the foundation of evaluating the production of shrimp using underwater image recognition in intelligent aquaculture systems.     

封育年限对伊犁绢蒿荒漠土壤有机氮组分的影响

为探究荒漠土壤有机氮组分对封育年限的响应规律,研究了不同封育年限(封育时间为0、1、4和11a)对中度退化伊犁绢蒿(Seriphidium transiliense)荒漠草地土壤全氮(total nitrogen,TN)、轻组氮(light fraction organic nitrogen,LFON)、颗粒氮(particulate organic nitrogen,PON)、微生物量氮(soil microbial biomass nitrogen,SMBN)及其分配比例的影响。结果表明,与封育0a相比,其它封育年限5-10、10-20、30-50cm土层的TN含量均显著降低(P0.05),且0-50cm土层TN含量随封育年限延长呈"降-升"趋势;封育11a,0-5cm土层PON含量达到最高,而封育4a,5-10和20-30cm土层PON分配比例显著增加;0-20cm土层LFON含量增加显著,且0-5cm土层含量最高。0-50cm土层SMBN随封育年限增加呈"降-升"趋势,而封育4a,5-10和20-30cm土层SMBN分配比例显著高于封育0a和封育1a(P0.05);0-10cm土层LFON和0-50cm土层LFONR与封育年限呈显著正相关。总之,短期封育(1~11a)下,中度退化伊犁绢蒿荒漠土壤全氮含量仍未得到恢复,但促进了LFON、PON、SMBN及其分配比例的增加。     

东昌湖野生鲤鱼线粒体DNA RFLP分析

利用差速离心法及RNase消化法制备并纯化了采自山东东昌湖野生鲤(Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)的肝脏及性腺线粒体DNA,用7种限制性内切酶对其mtDNA进行酶解,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离酶解片段,用Gel-5000凝胶图像分析系统进行采集和分析。结果显示,东昌湖野生鲤的mtDNA分子大小为(16.62±0.15)kb,BglⅠ、BglⅡ、EcoRⅠ、HindⅢ、PstⅠ、KpnⅠ和BamHⅠ的酶切点分别为3或2、1、3或4、4、1、0、3;其中,BglⅠ、EcoRⅠ和BamHⅠ内切酶具有限制性多态性,多态酶比例为42.86%,并检测出12个限制性态型,可归并为5种单倍型,各单倍型间的遗传距离0.0075～0.0365,揭示了东昌湖野生鲤存在较高的种内多态性。试验结果与以前报道的其他地区鲤属线粒体DNA酶切结果相比较,表明鲤属mtDNA在限制性酶切位点数量及其长度上存在地域差异。     

应用极大似然法分析小麦穗长的遗传

采用质量—数量性状遗传的极大似然分析方法,对长穗小麦品系93(220)的主茎穗长进行了质量—数量遗传模型测验和主、微基因效应与变异估计。结果表明:长穗小麦新品系93(220)的主茎穗长为一典型的质量—数量性状,由一个主基因和若干微基因共同控制;一对隐性主基因控制穗长,附合加性——显性遗传模型,F1代表现为部分显性,隐性主基因增加主茎穗长的效应平均为1.47,微基因遗传效应为2.83cm,隐性主基因个体主茎穗长表现为长穗。     

Repeatability of fin length measurements using digital image analysis and studies of fin erosion as indicator of social interactions in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

The aims of this study were to examine fin erosion caused by social interactions between Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) juveniles, and to evaluate the repeatability of recorded fin length using digital image analysis (DIA). Fin length of 2100 juvenile Atlantic cod was analysed using DIA, during a 6 weeks experiment. The lengths of the three dorsal fins and the caudal fin were measured by three different assessors (M, K, B) three times during the experiment. Repeatability was based on a sub set of data from 42 randomly chosen fish. Assessor M measured the length of the fins of the 42 fish three times (M1, M2, M3). M1 and M2 were done on the same day, while M3 was conducted 2 weeks later. Assessor K measured two times with a 2‐year interval, and assessor B measured the fin length only once. The correlations between replicated measurements within assessor were highest for assessor M measured on the same day indicating an effect of memory. Repeatability of fin length ranged from 0.57 to 0.73 for the four fins. Social interaction with respect to fin erosion was studied using data on the four fins from all 2100 fish. ‘Relative fin length’ (fin length/total body length × 100) was calculated to assess fin erosion. Results indicated that all four fins were eroded due to social interactions, but the caudal fin was most severely eroded. In conclusion, DIA can be used to measured fin length but the method could be improved by using chromatic pictures.     

东海北部近海棘头梅童鱼食物组成的季节变化及随发育的变化

根据2006年7月～2008年12月采集于东海北部近海的棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)样品,共测定体长在23～157 mm范围内的棘头梅童鱼474 ind,应用卡方检验和聚类分析等方法,对棘头梅童鱼食物组成的季节变化及随个体发育的变化进行了分析。结果显示:东海北部近海棘头梅童鱼的食物种类夏季出现较多,春季出现较少;91～110 mm体长组出现较多,≤50 mm体长组和>130 mm体长组出现较少。食物多样性指数春季较高,秋季较低;≤50 mm体长组较低,>130 mm体长组较高,食物多样性指数随体长的增加而升高。卡方检验显示,棘头梅童鱼主要食物种类宽尾刺糠虾(Acanthomysis latiscauda)、中国毛虾(Aceteschinensis)、七星底灯鱼(Myctophum pterotum)和中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)的出现频率有极显著的季节变化,中华假磷虾(Pseudeuphausia sinica)的出现频率有显著的季节变化;宽尾刺糠虾和七星底灯鱼的出现频率随体长的变化极显著,而中国毛虾、中华假磷虾和中华哲水蚤的出现频率随体长的变化不显著。聚类分析结果表明,棘头梅童鱼春冬季、夏季和秋季三个时期的食物组成差异显著;体长聚类分两组,即体长>70 mm和≤70mm之间食物组成有明显差异。通过分析发现:东海北部近海棘头梅童鱼食物的季节变化与该海域饵料生物的季节变化密切相关;食物组成随发育的变化符合"最佳摄食理论",其饵料生物种类和大小随棘头梅童鱼体长的增加发生了显著的变化。     

Tailoring codend mesh size to improve the size selectivity of undifferentiated trawl species

Tiger flathead, Neoplatycephalus richardsoni (Castelnau), and sand flathead, Platycephalus bassensis Cuvier, are undifferentiated and managed with a common legal minimum length (LML). The Commonwealth Trawl Sector (CTS) and the Tasmanian Danish‐seine fishery (TDSF) use a minimum codend mesh sizes of 90 and 70 mm, respectively. The codend mesh size should be tailored to the LML, which is based on the length of first maturity of females (M₅₀). This study found the length–girth relationship of N. richardsoni and P. bassensis was not significantly different. Using the covered codend method, these two species had 50% retention lengths (L₅₀) of 294 ± 2 and 307 ± 3 mm, in 70‐mm and 90‐mm codends, respectively. L₅₀ estimates for mesh sizes from this study and others produced a curvilinear relationship: y = 120 ln(x) ? 214, with an r² of 0.8504. The size at maturity (M₅₀) for female N. richardsoni was 337 mm, which is larger than the estimate for female P. bassensis (247 mm). There is a mismatch between the estimates of L_50, the estimates of M₅₀ and the LMLs in each fishery, leading to suboptimal exploitation of female Platycephalus. The model produced in this paper recommends a codend mesh size of 98 mm for both fisheries to exploit Platycephalus species sustainably.