新疆天山地区日照时数的气候特征

基于1961-2008年新疆天山地区23站日照时数的逐日资料,使用一元线性方程和M-K检验等统计方法,分析天山地区日照时数的时空变化特征。结果表明：①日照时数的气候分布存在明显的空间差异,呈东多西少,南多北少的分布特征。②区域平均日照时数均呈减少趋势,尤其在冬季和夏季。③四季除春季外日照时数均存在明显的年代际变化特征,...     

Comparison of breeding bird and vegetation communities in primary and secondary forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park

We compared breeding bird communities and vegetation characteristics at paired point locations in primary (undisturbed) and mature secondary forest (70-100 years old) sites in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA to understand how sites logged prior to creation of the park compare to undisturbed sites following 70 years of protection from human disturbance. We found that bird and vegetation communities are currently similar, but retain some differences in species composition. Rank abundance curves for primary and secondary forest bird communities showed very similar patterns of species dominance. Species composition was also similar on the two sites which shared 24 of the 25 most frequently recorded species. Nonetheless, comparisons of density estimates derived from distance sampling showed three bird species were more abundant on primary forest sites and that one bird species was significantly more abundant on secondary forest sites. Notably, comparisons based on raw counts (unadjusted for potential differences in detectability) produced somewhat different results. Analyses of vegetation samples for the paired sites also showed relative similarity, but with some differences between primary and secondary forests. Primary forest sites had more large trees (trees greater than 50 cm diameter at breast height) and late successional species. Primary forest sites had a denser tall shrub layer while secondary forest sites had a denser canopy layer. Nonetheless, tree species richness, basal area of live trees and number of standing snags did not differ between primary and secondary forest sites. Results indicate that breeding bird communities on sites within the park that were logged commercially 70 years ago are currently quite similar to bird communities on sites with no history of human disturbance. Similarities between the bird communities on previously disturbed and undisturbed sites in Great Smoky Mountains National Park may exceed those on more fragmented landscapes because large patches of primary forest, adjacent to commercially logged sites, remained in the park when it was established in 1935. These patches of primary forest may have served as source areas for commercially logged sites.     

岩溶地区开挖隧道对水资源的影响--以渝合高速公路隧道为例

中梁山位于重庆市的近郊区,是净化城区污染空气,调节主城区气候环境的重要地带。渝合高速公路隧道横穿中梁山,破坏了地下水的循环过程,引起泉水和地表水的枯竭。水源枯竭面积7.2 km2。隧洞每年渗漏水量283.9万m3,有21个泉(井)受到影响,其中17个泉(井)完全干枯,有5口堰塘全年都无水可蓄。造成4个自然村、748户居民、2 247人失去了饮用水,143 hm2耕地失去灌溉用水。     

祁连山高寒草地特点及可持续发展利用对策

祁连山高寒草地分布在高海拔、低热量的生态环境 ;植被低矮 ,组成植物多系低温生态类型 ;利用方式和改良途径有较大的一致性 ,且具有一定的生产力和经济价值 ;针对饲草产量质量下降 ,草地超载过牧 ,畜草矛盾突出、冬季缺草与人工饲草不足的矛盾等问题 ,提出了可持续发展利用的对策     

吕梁山区引种日本落叶松的苗期生长效应

通过对吕梁林区引种日本落叶松苗期生长效应的初步研究，日本落叶松苗期生长良好，越冬顺利，可作为该区很有希望的引种树种之一。     

祁连山区降水气候特征分析

利用祁连山区的逐时、逐日降水资料和山丹军马场大黄沟的云杉树轮宽度资料,研究祁连山区的降水时空变化和分布特征。研究发现：海拔高度对该地区降水有较大影响,并且降水主要发生在午后和夜间;近40 a来,该地区极端降水频次出现了增加趋势,增加幅度达1.25 d/10 a。利用一元二次回归模型重建这一区域200 a以来的降水历史序列。分析表明：整体上19世纪降水比20世纪更加丰富,20世纪初降水出现了突变特征,并逐渐趋于干旱,在20世纪20、30年代曾有严重的旱灾发生,这与该时期在我国北方大范围的干旱事件相一致。     

秦岭太白山区鹿蹄草根际与非根际土壤养分及酶活性研究

【目的】分析秦岭太白山区不同林分下鹿蹄草的根际和非根际土壤养分和酶活性状况,探索其空间变异规律,为野生鹿蹄草资源的保护提供依据。【方法】采用野外调查和室内分析的方法,对秦岭北坡太白山区4种林分下鹿蹄草根际与非根际土壤养分及酶活性差异及其相互间的关系进行研究。【结果】在鹿蹄草根际和非根际间,土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、速效磷、速效钾均呈现出明显的根际聚集现象,根际平均富集率分别达34.64%,58.29%,126.94%,114.02%,96.38%,土壤全钾含量基本保持不变。土壤酶也表现出根际活性较强的特性,根际土壤脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性比非根际土壤分别高出32.04%,22.40%,30.57%,8.17%。在鹿蹄草根际土壤中,有机质、速效钾含量与脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性均呈极显著正相关,有效氮、速效磷含量与脲酶呈极显著正相关;而在非根际土壤中,有机质与转化酶、脲酶呈极显著正相关,速效磷含量与 4种酶活性均呈显著正相关。【结论】秦岭北坡太白山区鹿蹄草根际和非根际土壤养分与酶活性密切相关,各土壤酶活性之间也存在不同程度的相关性,较好地反映了鹿蹄草生境的土壤肥力状况。因此,土壤酶活性可以作为评价该区域土壤肥力的指标之一。     

祁连山青海云杉径向生长对气候的响应

为探明树木径向生长对气候变化的响应,以祁连山中部下限青海云杉为研究对象,采用年表气候相关分析和特征年分析方法,研究了青海云杉的年轮宽度、早材宽度、晚材宽度标准化年表与月均温度和降雨量的关系。结果表明:年轮宽度、早材宽度、晚材宽度与6、7月的月均温度显著负相关。年轮宽度、早材宽度与3、5、6月的降雨量显著正相关,与9月的降雨量显著负相关;晚材宽度与降雨量无显著相关,晚材宽度对气候的敏感性弱于早材宽度。特征年分析进一步发现:当夏季温度高于同期温度而夏季降雨量又低于同期降雨量时,容易形成窄年轮;相反,当夏季温度低于同期温度而夏季降雨量又高于同期降雨量时,容易形成宽年轮。表明春季和夏季降雨量对祁连山中部下限青海云杉的径向生长有促进作用,而夏季温度有抑制作用。      

秦岭火地塘天然次生油松林倒木储量与分解

粗头直径≥10cm,长度通常≥1m,倾斜度超过45°的死木质残体称为倒木(Harmonetal.,1996)。倒木是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,在森林生态系统中倒木与生产者、消费者、分解者之间都有着密切的营养关系,其结构与功能相互制约,相互影响。倒木对森林中生产者的更新有着不容忽视的作用,为各类植物提供了生境,而且还对森林生态系统的演替起着重要的作用(侯平等,2001);倒木对消费     

宁夏六盘山华北落叶松人工林雪害的影响因子

调查宁夏六盘山2011年秋一场罕见的早雪造成的华北落叶松人工林受害情况,分析林分受害率与立地条件和林分结构特征的关系。结果表明:高海拔冲风地段和土层瘠薄立地的林分受害率偏大;高密度林分的受害率显著大于低密度林分,说明密度是影响林分抵抗雪灾能力的重要结构指标,但直接原因是林分密度增高导致林分高径比增大;当高径比在0.7～0.9时,样地出现受害,但受害率随高径比增大的增幅不大,当高径比大于0.9后,林分受害率随高径比增大快速升高,当高径比大于1.0后,林分受害率随高径比增大急剧升高;及时间伐降低林木密度,把林分高径比降到0.7左右并维持在0.9以内,是提高森林抵抗雪灾能力的可行营林措施。