贵州典型黄壤辣椒生长、品质及光合特性对新型肥料的响应

为探究新型肥料在贵州黄壤区辣椒上的施用效果,本研究通过盆栽试验研究了普通复合肥(FHF)、保水型(BSX)、稳定性(WDX)、包膜型(BMX)缓释肥和长效氮肥(CXDF)五种新型肥料施用对贵州辣椒生长、品质及光合特性的影响,并通过相关分析明确影响辣椒产量的主导因素,以期为适宜的新型肥料品种筛选及其在辣椒种植中的推广应用提供参考依据。结果表明∶与普通复合肥(FHF)相比,施用新型肥料使辣椒株高增加0.72%~3.76%,但对辣椒茎粗影响不大。新型肥料显著提高辣椒分蘖数和产量,分蘖数和单株产量较FHF处理分别增加2.65%~19.75%和12.26%~29.77%,稳定性缓释肥(WDX)产量最高,达到300.35 g·株~(-1)。不同类型新型肥料对辣椒品质影响存在差异,与普通复合肥(FHF)相比,保水型缓释肥(BMX)可使辣椒硝酸盐含量显著降低23.93%、还原糖增加10.65%、Vc增加38.61%,长效氮肥(CXDF)处理的硝酸盐含量显著降低12.64%,稳定性缓释肥(WDX)处理的Vc含量显著增加56.21%,而包膜型缓释肥(BMX)和长效氮肥(CXDF)处理的Vc含量则明显著降低。相关分析结果表明,辣椒株高、分蘖数以及净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均与辣椒产量存在显著或极显著的线性相关,而综合考虑多个影响因子并利用逐步回归分析进行拟合后得到逐步回归分方程为Y=52.316X7-1.714X_6+640.888(X_6为胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、X_7为蒸腾速率(Tr),相关系数r为0.924**),说明收获期辣椒叶片的胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)与蒸腾速率(Tr)对辣椒产量的影响起到了主导作用。综上所述,新型肥料对贵州典型黄壤上辣椒生长、品质以及光合特性的影响效果是显著的,综合来看以稳定性(WDX)和包膜型(BMX)缓释型的施用效果最优。     

Responses of water productivity to irrigation and N supply for hybrid maize seed production in an arid region of Northwest China

Water and nitrogen(N) are generally two of the most important factors in determining the crop productivity. Proper water and N managements are prerequisites for agriculture sustainable development in arid areas. Field experiments were conducted to study the responses of water productivity for crop yield(WP_(Y-ET)) and final biomass(WP_(B-ET)) of film-mulched hybrid maize seed production to different irrigation and N treatments in the Hexi Corridor, Northwest China during April to September in 2013 and also during April to September in 2014. Three irrigation levels(70%–65%, 60%–55%, and 50%–45% of the field capacity) combined with three N rates(500, 400, and 300 kg N/hm~2) were tested in 2013. The N treatments were adjusted to 500, 300, and 100 kg N/hm~2 in 2014. Results showed that the responses of WP_(Y-ET) and WP_(B-ET) to different irrigation amounts were different. WP_(Y-ET) was significantly reduced by lowering irrigation amounts while WP_(B-ET) stayed relatively insensitive to irrigation amounts. However, WP_(Y-ET) and WP_(B-ET) behaved consistently when subjected to different N treatments. There was a slight effect of reducing N input from 500 to 300 kg/hm~2 on the WP_(Y-ET) and WP_(B-ET), however, when reducing N input to 100 kg/hm~2, the values of WP_(Y-ET) and WP_(B-ET) were significantly reduced. Water is the primary factor and N is the secondary factor in determining both yield(Y) and final biomass(B). Partial factor productivity from applied N(PFP_N) was the maximum under the higher irrigation level and in lower N rate(100–300 kg N/hm~2) in both years(2013 and 2014). Lowering the irrigation amount significantly reduced evapotranspiration(ET), but ET did not vary with different N rates(100–500 kg N/hm~2). Both Y and B had robust linear relationships with ET, but the correlation between B and ET(R~2=0.8588) was much better than that between Y and ET(R~2=0.6062). When ET increased, WP_(Y-ET) linearly increased and WP_(B-ET) decreased. Taking the indices of Y, B, WP_(Y-ET), WP_(B-ET) and PFP_N into account, a higher irrigation level(70%–65% of the field capacity) and a lower N rate(100–300 kg N/hm~2) are recommended to be a proper irrigation and N application strategy for plastic film-mulched hybrid maize seed production in arid Northwest China.     

黄河源区褐鳞苔草的固沙生物学特性

褐鳞苔草(Carex brunnescens)是黄河源区(玛曲)沙漠化草地具有较强固沙能力的先锋植物,对维护玛曲高寒草地生态系统稳定性有重要作用。为了揭示褐鳞苔草固沙的生物学特征,本研究在野外观测了其物候学特征,地上和地下器官生长进程以及地下器官形态学特征。结果表明,褐鳞苔草返青早,生育期较长,具有二次开花和结果的生长特性。褐鳞苔草单株叶宽、单株叶长、单株叶片数量、群落密度、群落盖度和群落叶片密度从展叶期-果实成熟期-黄枯期呈显著增加而后趋于稳定;而单株叶丛高度、单株叶面积和群落叶片面积呈显著增加而后减小的趋势。褐鳞苔草地下茎(水平茎和垂直茎)和根系适宜生存的沙层深度为0-60cm。不同沙层深度(0-20、20-40和40-60cm)均以直径为0.2~0.5mm的中根数量最多,在20-40cm沙层内细根(0.2mm)的根系总长度均最大,0-20cm沙层内中根根系总长度最大。在10-30cm沙层内,水平茎,垂直茎和主根长度、鲜重和干重均最大,40-50cm沙层内最小。以上结果表明,褐鳞苔草能很好地适应高寒风沙生境,可作为玛曲高寒沙漠化草地生态恢复的建群种,具有良好的推广应用前景。     

2010年春季滨州海盐减产的气象原因分析

通过分析气象资料,得出2010年滨州海盐春季减产的根源主要是：①受连续多次强冷空气的影响,2009年冬天渤海近海海域出现40年来罕见的海冰灾害,影响卤水浓度;②2010年初春降大到暴雪,加之温度低,无法进行塑苫,使结晶池里原有的盐晶融化;③2010年春天（3～4月）又出现明显倒春寒天气,气温回升慢,阴天较多,风力小,蒸发少,结晶慢。     

张掖市沿山冷凉区域马铃薯丰产栽培技术

张掖市沿祁连山冷凉区域是甘肃省重要的马铃薯生产基地,我们经过多年的生产实践,针对不同土壤条件和气候特点,开展了大量的马铃薯栽培试验,总结出了该区域马铃薯丰产栽培技术,在生产中示范应用效果显著。本文主要从不同区域选择不同品种、整地施肥、种薯精选、种薯处理、播种方法、播种密度、适时灌溉、科学追肥、病虫草害综合防治和适时收获等方面介绍了冷凉区域马铃薯丰产栽培技术。     

Genetic diversity of Melon necrotic spot virus and Olpidium isolates from different origins

The geographic incidence, genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) and Olpidium isolates were studied in three cucurbit species from several Latin American and European countries on different collecting dates. Of the 112 cucurbit samples analysed, 69 from Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama and Spain were DAS‐ELISA‐positive for MNSV. Olpidium bornovanus and O. virulentus infections, and MNSV infections mixed with these Olpidium species, were observed for all these countries. Twenty‐nine MNSV isolates from all the origins where the virus was detected were selected and amplified by RT‐PCR. The resulting RT‐PCR of the p29, p89, p7A, p7B and p42 proteins was used to estimate the genetic diversity and the phylogenetic relationships of the MNSV population. The sequences obtained in this study were compared with the MNSV sequences of the NCBI database, and three groups were recovered by nucleotide composition according to geographical origins: the EU‐LA genotype group (with two subgroups: EU and LA, European and Latin American isolates, respectively), the JP melon genotype group (Japanese melon reference isolates) and the JP watermelon genotype group (Japanese watermelon reference isolates). The genetic diversity in the entire p7A and p7B proteins of MNSV suggests that these coding regions are under strong selective pressure. Additionally, the rDNA‐ITS region was analysed in 40 O. bornovanus and O. virulentus isolates associated with each geographical location and host examined. Phylogenetic analysis showed two groups for each Olpidium species, and these groupings were related to the host from which they were originally isolated.     

宁南山区冬小麦冠层高光谱特征及其对干旱的响应

以中引6号冬小麦为观测对象,大田利用Unispec-SC型单通道便携式光谱仪观测不同灌水处理条件小麦冠层光谱特征,并结合相应遥感指数,筛选对干旱响应敏感的指数。结果表明,宁南山区冬小麦灌浆期与乳熟期的冠层光谱特征存在差异;虽然不同干旱胁迫下的冬小麦冠层光谱反射率曲线形式基本类似,但在大多数波段,反射率值的大小明显不同;在应用各种遥感指数监测宁南山区冬小麦干旱时,根据具体情况可优先在RVI和NDVI中选择,其次可以考虑选用EVI。     

我国东北寒冷地区几个茶藨子野生种花器研究

对分布于我国东北寒冷地区野生茶藨子属植物7个种的花器结构进行观察研究。结果表明:分为单性和两性花2种类型,雌雄异株,花序总状,单生和簇生。花器的萼片发达,着不同颜色,似花冠。单性花的花瓣很小或呈退化状态,无明显花冠;雄性花花药饱满,花粉量大,有短花丝,柱头较小,无子房;雌性花雄蕊较小,近乎无花丝,子房明显发达。两性花的花瓣为萼片2/3大小,直立抱合,抱被雄蕊,雌蕊高于雄蕊,花瓣略高于雄蕊,萼片反卷,在萼片、萼筒、子房、花柄上不同程度着生茸毛、腺点或刺毛。     

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为了弄清喀斯特地区撂荒地植被变化对土壤节肢动物的影响,采用手捡法和干漏斗法(Tullgren法)对贵州省黔南州不同撂荒地土壤节肢动物进行调查.结果表明:在撂荒地共获得土壤节肢动物465只,隶属4纲12目37科38属,林地撂荒地优势类群为多奥甲螨属(Multioppia),草地撂荒地优势类群为管蓟马科(Phlaeothripidae)和缰板鳃甲螨属(Chamobates).草地撂荒地土壤节肢动物类群数和个体密度垂直分布表聚性明显,林地撂荒地表聚性不明显.土壤节肢动物类群数、个体密度、Shannon-wiener多样性指数和DG指数均以草地撂荒地高于林地撂荒地,但均无显著空间差异(P＞0.05).在各功能群中,杂食性土壤节肢动物所占比例最高,捕食性最低,但空间上的差异不明显(P＞0.05).在10年恢复时间内,喀斯特撂荒地植被演替方向明显影响土壤节肢动物的群落组成,但对土壤节肢动物多样性影响不明显.     

高寒草甸植物正构烷烃特征分析

为研究高寒草甸植物正构烷烃分布特征,对采自黄河源区高寒草甸的58种植物进行了测定和分析。结果表明,单种植物中正构烷烃的碳数在C₈和C₄₀之间,含量分布范围为0.81~22.88 mg/kg,其中碳数为C₂₇、C₂₉、C₃₁、C₃₃正构烷烃的含量均较高;总正构烷烃(C_total)含量变化范围为35.00~78.64 mg/kg,长链正构烷烃(C_25-36)含量范围为16.11~58.68 mg/kg,条叶垂头菊中总正构烷烃和长链正构烷烃含量最小,而阿尔泰狗娃花含量最大。58种植物中含量最高的正构烷烃(C_max)分布特征为:C₁₉有1种,C₂₂有2种,C₂₇有2种,C₂₉有23种,C₃₁有27种,C₃₂有1种,C₃₃有2种。植物中正构烷烃总正构烷烃碳优势指数(CPI_total)范围为1.07~4.32,CPI_25-36范围为1.12~8.20,总的正构烷烃平均碳链长度(ACL_total)范围为23.52~27.22,ACL_27-33范围为28.03~31.07,蜡质指数(P_wax)变化范围为0.60~0.92。植物中长链正构烷烃丰富,奇数碳含量分布优势明显。