平原河网水中悬浮颗粒物对金鱼藻、水网藻的影响

研究了水体悬浮颗粒物对修复植物的影响规律,结果揭示了悬浮颗粒物对水生植物影响的两面性以及修复植物对颗粒物胁迫产生自由基进行清除的适应机制。在正常情况下,金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum dem ersumL)体超氧化物歧化酶活性维持在256~280 U/g(鲜重),过氧化物酶活性维持在80~90 U/g(鲜重)的水平,保证了细胞膜脂质氧化的分子标志物MDA的代谢水平低于65μmol/g(鲜重)。当金鱼藻受到大于300 mg/L颗粒物的高强度胁迫时,其体内这两种抗氧化酶活性不仅没有维持在很高的水平,反而均呈下降趋势,致使金鱼藻体内的MDA平均值可达79μmol/g(鲜重)以上,形成了对细胞膜相对损伤率达35%以上的氧化损伤结果。在高浊度水体中水网藻(Hydrodictyon reticulatum)内比金鱼藻具有更强的适应性,因此水网藻更合适作为先锋修复植物。     

Relationship between soak time and number of enmeshed animals in experimentally lost gill nets

In order to determine the effects of ghost fishing by lost gill nets, the relationship was examined between soak time and number of enmeshed animals in experimentally lost gill nets by using diving observations. Two experimental gill nets were set at 13 m depth in Tateyama Bay, Chiba Prefecture, Japan for approximately 200 days. One gill net was deployed in a small trough surrounded by artificial reefs, and the other was deployed on an adjacent open sandy bed. Twelve species of crustaceans, six species of gastropods, and five species of bony fish were enmeshed in the experimental gill nets. The number of enmeshed animals in the artificial reef gill net was substantially larger than that in the sandy bed gill net. The number of enmeshed animals in the experimental gill nets increased rapidly within one month after deployment, and then declined gradually showing fluctuations caused by the decrease in newly enmeshed animals, and the drop off from gill nets caused by the decomposition of dead animals. The decrease in the number of enmeshed animals was expressed by logarithmic equations, and based on these equations, the duration of capture function for the lost gill nets was calculated to be 284–561 days in the artificial reef gill net and 200 days in the sandy bed gill net. The duration of capture function for the lost gill nets for non-commercial by-catch species such as small crustaceans and gastropods was longer than for commercial species such as Japanese spiny lobster and bony fish.     

不同污染时长土壤中石油烃的生物去除特性及影响因素

利用生物刺激法修复不同污染时长的土壤,比较了向新污染(污染7 d)和陈旧性污染(污染5 a以上)土壤中加入有机肥、有机肥+KNO_3复合物(C∶N=100∶10)、脱硫石膏等处理剂对土壤中石油烃的去除效果。结果表明:对于新污染黄绵土,向土壤中加入有机肥、有机肥+KNO_3对土壤中石油烃去除效果较好,修复150 d时土壤中石油烃去除率分别为60.13%、56.09%;对于陈旧性污染土壤,施入有机肥+KNO_3、脱硫石膏对石油烃去除效果较好,修复150 d时土壤中石油烃的去除率分别为36.62%、36.61%;生物刺激对新污染土壤中石油烃的去除效率高于陈旧性污染土壤。两种不同污染时长土壤中的石油烃生物降解均符合伪一级动力学。生物刺激修复使土壤的pH值由8.50～8.56降低至7.35～7.91。新污染土壤中石油烃的降解率与pH值呈显著负相关(相关系数为-0.789),与微生物数量呈显著正相关(相关系数为0.849);陈旧性污染土壤中石油烃降解率与土壤pH值呈显著负相关(相关系数为-0.683)。研究表明,土壤受到石油污染后立即进行生物刺激修复有利于土壤中石油烃的去除,影响不同污染时长土壤中石油烃生物降解的关键因素并不相同。     

基于小波分析的年最大径流预测方

径流序列可以看成是各种不同成分线性叠加构成的时间序列。利用小波变换良好的局部化时频分析能力，将年最大径流序列进行分解，使其趋势项、周期项和随机项得以分离。各子序列分别代表不同的时间尺度，反映了各种物理因素对径流过程的影响。然后根据各子序列的特性分别建立幂函数、周期函数或ARMA模型并进行预测。最后将各子序列的预测值合成，得到年最大径流序列的预测值。对宜昌站1991年至2002年最大径流量的预测结果表明，该方法是切实可行的。并指出小波包变换在分析中、高频信息方面优于小波变换，有助于进一步提高预测的精度。     

果胶酶对铜绿微囊藻蛋白表达的影响

为研究果胶酶对铜绿微囊藻蛋白表达的影响并寻找有价值的蛋白质分子水平上的差异,分别在光照和黑暗条件下采用果胶酶处理铜绿微囊藻,获取藻细胞全蛋白。采用SDS-PAGE电泳分离藻细胞全蛋白,比较光照和黑暗条件下的藻蛋白表达差异。结果显示,一类分子量约42ku的蛋白丰度存在显著差异,光照条件是果胶酶对铜绿微囊藻起抑制作用的一个敏感条件。MALDI串联飞行时间质谱仪分析和SwissPort数据库检索结果表明,该蛋白为功能未知的新蛋白且与真核生物actin蛋白有可信的匹配分值。     

Pool Sizes and Turnover of Soil Organic Carbon of Farmland Soil in Karst Area of Guilin

The three-pool and first-order model separates the mineralizable organic carbon into active,slow,and passive carbon pools.This paper used the model and decomposition curves of the soil organic carbon to fit the active pool and its decomposition rate,slow pool and its decomposition rate.The results showed that the size of the active pool from different profiles accounted for 2.09%-3.08% of the total soil organic carbon and the mean residue time was 3.57-17.21 days.And the size of the slow pool accounted for ...     

影响蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量的因素研究

试验研究了蔬菜在不同储存时间与储存温度、不同食用前处理和不同加工方法等条件下亚硝酸盐含量的变化,结果表明,蔬菜中亚硝酸盐的含量随储存时间的延长会逐渐升高,达到最大值后有所下降.不同蔬菜中亚硝酸盐的含量随温度的变化而不同.漂烫处理可以降低蔬菜中亚硝酸盐的含量,浸泡处理会使亚硝酸盐含量升高.蔬菜经炒熟或煮熟后亚硝酸盐含量均会降低,并且煮熟的蔬菜亚硝酸盐含量低于炒熟的蔬菜.     

渠系前馈蓄量补偿控制时滞参数算法比较与改进

输水明渠系统控制算法主要由前馈及反馈模块组成,其中前馈模块较大程度上影响了系统控制性能。基于蓄量主动补偿的前馈控制算法受时滞参数影响较大,为比较现有多种算法实际控制性能优劣,并寻求不依赖复杂数值计算的简化时滞参数算法,该文进行了横向的算法比较与优化开发。文章基于蓄量阶跃补偿及蓄量二次补偿2类算法,结合改进比例-积分(proportional-integral,PI)反馈控制器,对典型测试渠系及实际工程渠系建模仿真,选取稳定时间、最大超调流量、绝对值误差积分(integral of absolute magnitude of error,IAE)和绝对流量变化积分(integrated absolute discharge change,IAQ)指标分析了蓄量阶跃补偿、动力波原理、水量平衡模型3种时滞参数算法的控制效果。结果显示,在实际工程渠系中,小流量工况下,蓄量阶跃补偿算法的稳定时间比水量平衡模型算法的稳定时间减小40.42%;大流量工况下,蓄量阶跃补偿算法的最大超调流量最小,仅比目标流量高3%,该算法的稳定时间比水量平衡模型算法的稳定时间减少25.45%。结果表明蓄量阶跃补偿算法控制效果较好,但该算法在推求渠池所需蓄量补偿值时需进行水面线推求,文章依据渠道蓄量变化与流量变化间的线性关系,提出简化的时滞参数显式算法。较传统数值算法,时滞参数显式算法与蓄量阶跃补偿算法的时滞参数差值百分比小于8%,在满足实际工程需求的同时,可明显减少推求所需蓄量补偿值的计算量。文章的比较结论及所提出的简化算法对输配水渠道系统,尤其是大型渠道系统调度具有一定的理论价值和应用前景。     

Pearl Millet Phenology and Growth in Relation to Thermal Time under Arid Environment

Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum L.R.Br.) hybrid MH 179 was grown under two moisture regimes viz., optimal moisture and rainfed conditions. The field experiment was continued for three consecutive rainy seasons to quantify the pearl millet development with thermal time. The possible influence of variation in natural sowing date on the relationships between crop development and thermal time have been described. At cardinal temperatures of 10°C (base temperature below which pearl millet development ceases), 33°C (optimal temperature for development) and 45°C (maximum temperature at and above which no development takes place), the crop required 1490–1794°Cd thermal time to reach physiological maturity. The thermal time requirement for different developmental stages was influenced by the sowing time and moisture availability during the growing season of the crop.
The leaf tip appearance on the main shoot of pearl millet in relation to thermal time was almost linear under both moisture conditions requiring about 44–50°Cd ± 2.6 °Cd leaf⁻¹, till the appearance of the flag (last) leaf. However, leaf tip appearance on primary tillers was slightly slower and required 53-58°Cd ± 4.7°Cd for each new leaf. Appearance of first primary tiller was later (at 320°Cd after emergence) under the rainfed condition as compared to the crop under the optimal moisture (at 250°Cd).Thereafter, the tiller appearance in relation to thermal time under both moisture conditions was at a linear rate of about 53-56°Cd ± 9.5°Cd tiller⁻¹.
Effect of microclimatic variations, canopy temperature, radiation and photoperiod on the phenology-thermal time relationships have been discussed under both the moisture conditions.