2008年平顶山市常绿园林植物冻害调查及分析

2008年春调查了平顶山常绿木本植物冻害情况,结果发现,外地引进种受冻害影响较为普遍,有13种在不同程度上受害,冻害影响存在区域差异,郊区冻害比城区严重;之后分析了冻害原因,并对其引种提出建议。     

玛可河林区红脂大小蠹发生危害及防治对策

根据红脂大小蠹的生活习性及在玛可河林区发生危害现状,针对性的提出了对红酯大小蠹害虫的防治对策。     

揭阳市4种严重危害性外来入侵植物分析

多年的入侵植物调查发现,揭阳市外来入侵植物有31科92种,其中4种为揭阳市严重危害性植物,23种较严重危害性植物,65种一般性影响植物。介绍了4种严重危害性植物(空心莲子草、凤眼莲、马缨丹和五爪金龙)的生物学特性及控制方法。     

棉蚜的鉴别与防治探讨

介绍了棉花虫害棉蚜不同虫态的形态特征及为害特征,并与相似虫害棉长管蚜、苜蓿蚜、菜豆根蚜、拐枣蚜等进行比较。同时总结了其发生规律和生活习性。然后从农业防治、物理防治、生物防治、化学防治等方面总结了该虫害的防治方法,并着重介绍了化学防治的用药时期及用药量。     

果蔬运输受振动·冲击作用研究进展

介绍果蔬在运输过程中的振动、冲击损伤,综述了果蔬振动冲击碰撞试验在实验室模拟时所需考虑的因数,并探讨了果蔬振动冲击损伤体积与各可控因素之间的相关性,此外,也对目前果蔬碰撞参数指标进行了简要说明.研究可为振动冲击作用下果蔬损伤机理的探究做出参考,也为果蔬的运输包装业提供理论依据.     

肥料结构对红壤氮素淋失的影响及防治措施

肥料结构是影响氮素淋失的重要因素。氮肥进入土壤后,其损失途径主要是氨挥发和反硝化的气态损失。但是,氮肥通过渗漏淋失对地下水(饮用水源)的污染,也不容忽视。为此,综述了近年来3种肥料结构(即单施无机氮肥、无机肥混施、无机肥与有机肥混施)对红壤区稻田土壤氮素淋失的影响的研究进展,并且提出了如何防止氮素淋失的对策     

玉米褪绿斑驳病毒入侵损失指标体系及直接经济损失评估

玉米褪绿斑驳病毒(Maize chlorotic mottle virus)是我国进境检疫性病毒,严重危害玉米的生长,给玉米生产带来巨大经济损失。文中根据科学性、系统优化、通用可比及实用性原则,结合玉米褪绿斑驳病毒特点,系统构建了玉米褪绿斑驳病毒损失评判指标体系,共1个一级指标、3个二级指标、11个三级指标。并对其在我国可能造成的直接经济损失作出初步评估,经估算,玉米褪绿斑驳病毒对我国造成的潜在直接经济损失达140.95亿人民币。     

Efficiency of wheat straw mulching in reducing soil and water losses from three typical soils of the Loess Plateau,China

Mulching the soil surface with a layer of plant residue is considered an effective method of conserving water and soil because it increases water infiltration into the soil, reduces surface runoff and the soil erosion, and reduces flow velocity and the sediment carrying capacity of overland flow. However, application of plant residues increases operational costs and so optimal levels of mulch in order to prevent soil and/or water losses should be used according to the soil type and rainfall and slope conditions. In this study, the effect of wheat straw mulch rate on the total runoff and total soil losses from 60-mm simulated rainstorms was assessed for two intensive rainfalls (90 and 180 mm h⁻¹) on three slope gradients typical conditions on the Loess Plateau of China and elsewhere. For short slopes (1 m), the optimal mulch rate to save water for a silt loam and a loam soil was 0.4 kg m⁻². However, for a clay loam soil the mulch rate of 0.4 kg m⁻² would be optimal only under the 90 mm h⁻¹ rainfall; 0.8 kg m⁻² was required for the 180 mm h⁻¹. In order to save soil, a mulch rate of 0.2 kg m⁻² on the silt loam slopes prevented 60%–80% of the soil losses. For the loam soil, mulch at the rate of 0.4 kg m⁻² was essential in most cases in order to reduce soil losses substantially. For the clay loam, 0.4 kg m⁻² may be optimal under the 90 mm h⁻¹ rain, but 0.8 kg m⁻² may be required for the 180 mm h⁻¹ rainstorm. These optimal values would also need to be considered alongside other factors since the mulch may have value if used elsewhere. Hence doubling the optimal mulch rate for the silt loam soil from 0.2 kg m⁻² or the clay loam soil under 90 mm h⁻¹ rainfall from 0.4 kg m⁻² in order to achieve a further 10% reduction in soil loss needs to be assessed in that context. Therefore, Optimal mulch rate can be an effective approach to virtually reduce costs or to maximize the area that can be treated. Meantime, soil conservationist should be aware that levels of mulch for short slopes might not be suitable for long slopes.     

鲜食玉米大斑病经济阈值及品种抗性分级标准

【目的】明确福建省鲜食玉米大斑病田间病情与玉米产量损失的关系,为福建省鲜食玉米大斑病的合理防控提供理论依据。【方法】在玉米大斑病自然发病条件下,利用不同施药次数人为造成田间不同病情梯度,建立病情指数与玉米产量损失率模型,制定适合福建省鲜食玉米大斑病的经济阈值。同样条件下,以病情指数与产量损失率模型推算不同抗性玉米品种科学用药时期和次数,制定鲜食玉米品种抗性分级标准。【结果】采用逐步回归分析建立了玉米大斑病全部叶片病情指数与种植天数的回归方程。玉米产量损失率与玉米大斑病全部叶和功能叶病情指数均呈显著正相关关系,建立了基于玉米全部叶和功能叶病情指数与产量损失率的模型。在用药次数依次为1,2,3和4次条件下,基于全部叶病情指数乳熟期（R3）玉米大斑病经济阈值分别是14.63,17.88,18.72和22.06,基于功能叶病情指数分别是7.74,10.43,12.24和16.80。基于建立的回归方程、经济阈值及玉米籽粒建成期（R2）功能叶病情指数（DI）,建议玉米品种抗性分级标准为：DI≤15为抗病（R）,15＜DI≤30为中抗（MR）,30＜DI≤45为中感（MS）,DI＞45为感病（S）。【结论】建立了福建省鲜食玉米大斑病田间病情消长动态理论模型和病情指数与产量损失率的模型,制定了玉米大斑病的经济阈值和不同玉米品种对大斑病的抗性分级标准。     

粘虫色板防治菇蚊菇蝇的研究

为了给粘虫色板在食用菌害虫防治中的应用技术方案制定提供科学的依据,进行了对5种不同颜色的粘虫色板对菇蚊菇蝇的诱杀效果比较研究,进一步对粘虫色板的悬挂高度、悬挂密度、悬挂时间以及在菇房中应用粘虫色板的防效果和对食用菌产量的影响评价等方面研究。研究结果表明不同颜色的粘虫色板对食用菌菇蚊菇蝇的诱杀效果有显著差异,其中黄色粘虫色板对菇蚊菇蝇诱杀效果最佳;利用黄色粘虫色板悬挂在菇房中菌墙的上方30cm左右,晚间结合灯光诱杀效果最佳;处理菇房的菌袋受害率降低了14.7%,挽回产量损失达11.0%,防治效果显著。