西门塔尔牛与黑白花牛杂交一代的研究——Ⅰ. 杂交一代的适应性观察

利用瑞士西门塔尔公牛与黑白花低产母牛杂交,获得F_1母牛,平均体重530kg,产奶力强,年用混合精料900kg,产奶量达到3889.63±83.23kg,乳脂率3.75%;阉公牛育肥性能良好,年用混合精料182.50kg,屠宰率46.14%,净肉率38.14%,含有50和西门塔尔牛血的F_1母牛在产奶量、奶的质量,以及公犊在去势育肥等生产性能方面均表现出较大优势,同时,F_1也表现出有易适应环境、抗病力强等优点。因此,用西门塔尔公牛来改良低产黑白花牛的做法是可行的。     

畜禽场防疫消毒技术规范及常见问题分析

介绍了畜禽养殖场常用的化学消毒药物的基础知识和操作规范,列举消毒工作中存在的问题,提出畜禽养殖场要规范消毒、科学消毒的建议。     

大豆黄酮对泌乳后期奶牛相关乳成分的影响

选用14头产奶水平相近的泌乳后期黑白花奶牛,随机分为对照组、试验组。试验组日粮添加10mg/kg的大豆黄酮,持续30d。结果发现:与对照组相比,试验组奶牛乳蛋白有所升高,乳脂率有所下降。试验第15d乳中GH的含量显著升高(P<0.05),E2、T3和T4的含量均有升高的趋势。提示大豆黄酮可能通过调节内源性激素水平而间接地影响奶牛乳成分。     

我国天然橡胶生产的碳排放特征及因素分解——以海南农垦为例

【目的】测算2002～2009年海南农垦天然橡胶单位产品、面积碳排放量,探讨影响碳排放的主要因素,并对碳排放量进行因素分解。【方法】利用海南农垦天然橡胶生产的投入产出数据、Kaya恒等式进行测算和分解。【结果】化肥、燃料、农药、电力是最重要的投入品;橡胶林地单位面积碳排放量高于农地,单位产品碳排放量与自然灾害密切相关;产值效率的提高是碳减排的主要因素,规模效应是碳排放增加的主要原因,结构效应则是影响碳排放的关键性因素。【建议】应减少化肥的使用量、优化天然橡胶初级产品加工工艺、减少用电量、提高橡胶林的抗风能力,以减少橡胶生产碳排放。     

Simulation model of within-herd transmission of bovine tuberculosis in Argentine dairy herds

Transmission of bovine tuberculosis was quantified in three dairy herds located in south Santa Fe Province, Argentina. Using estimates of Mycobacterium bovis transmission (β) and a Reed–Frost simulation model, the prevalence of tuberculosis infection in the study herds over time was investigated. The Reed–Frost model was modified by incorporating randomness in both β and the incubation period () of M. bovis. The mean estimated herd β was 2.2 infective contacts per year and did not differ significantly between the study herds. Modeling as Poisson distributed (mean 24 months) best fit the observed prevalences. Infection was predicted by the model either to spread quickly (<10 years) within a herd and reach a high prevalence (>50%), or to persist at a low prevalence (<5–10%). The model was robust, predictions were realistic and the mean β estimated was consistent with previous studies of bovine tuberculosis.     

奶牛泌乳曲线分析与饲养管理

本研究通过对泌乳曲线的峰值、波形等变化的分析，找出了影响产奶量的主要因素，并提出了改进措施。     

Influence of low phosphorus intake during early lactation on apparent digestibility of phosphorus and bone metabolism in dairy cows

In this study, the effects of reducing the dietary phosphorus (P) supply during the first 4 months of lactation on P balance and bone metabolism were investigated in dairy cows during a full lactation, including the dry period. Twenty-two multiparous cows of the Swedish Red and White Breed were included in the experiment. Eleven cows received a dietary P concentration of 0.43% of DM during the whole lactation (NP), and 11 cows received a dietary P concentration of 0.32% of DM during the first 4 months of lactation, followed by 0.43% of DM during the rest of lactation (LP). Total collection of faeces was carried out during five different stages of lactation, for 5 consecutive days at each occasion. The dynamics of bone metabolism was investigated by monitoring one bone-formation marker, identifying osteocalcin (OC), and one bone-resorption marker identifying C-telopeptide fragments of collagen type I (CTx) in blood plasma. At the two first collection periods, 3–7 and 11–15 weeks after parturition, the apparent digestibility of P was higher in the LP cows (52%) than in the NP cows (42%). During the following collection periods, no difference in the apparent digestibility could be noted between the two groups of cows. Phosphorus retention did not differ between treatments at any collection period. The highest retention was observed during late lactation and during the dry period. The profiles of the bone metabolism markers indicated a net resorption of bone during early lactation, but there were no differences in marker concentrations between the groups during early lactation, indicating that the LP diet did not induce a further elevated net bone resorption.     

The impact of Theileria parva infections and other factors on calf mean daily weight gains in smallholder dairy farms in Murang'a District, Kenya

The association between mean daily weight gain, Theileria parva infections, clinical East Coast fever and other possible determinants of weight gain were examined in a longitudinal observational study that was conducted in cohorts of female calves from five agro-ecological zone (AEZ)-grazing strata. The strata were upper-midlands (UM) 1 zero-grazing, UM 1 open-grazing, UM 2 zero-grazing, UM 4 zero-grazing and UM 4 open-grazing. In total, 225 calves on 188 smallholder dairy farms were visited within the first 2 weeks of life and thereafter at biweekly intervals up to the age of 6 months between March 1995 and August 1996. During each visit, the calves were weighed and other calf-management practices in the farm during the visit such as housing, feeding and tick control also were recorded. Other events such as morbidity and mortality between or during the visits were also recorded.

The overall mean daily weight gains were 0.24–0.29 kg (S.D.=0.17–0.22 kg) and were lower than the recommended targets for smallholder farms of 0.40–0.50 kg. The major tendency in variability of daily weight gains was due to visit-to-visit variation (especially in calves >3 months old).

Differences in mean daily gains were associated with AEZ-grazing strata and calf-level factors that included breed of calf, calf sickness, incidence of ECF, feeding of milk, concentrate feeds and minerals and interaction between calf age and AEZ-grazing strata (P<0.05). ECF and other calf sicknesses exerted a temporal effect on calf-growth at the height of illness and immediately after; calves later recovered the lost growth except where other factors such as poor calf nutrition prevailed. Improvement in calf-growth in Murang’a District is achievable and extension services should continue to target individual-calf-level management practices.