山楂海棠RAPD亲缘关系研究

应用RAPD分子标记技术,对山楂海棠的分类地位进行了探讨。根据RAPD分子标记聚类分析,将14份苹果材料分为5类,8份山楂材料分为4类,山楂海棠的亲缘关系位于山楂和苹果之间,但与苹果较近,认为山楂海棠可能是苹果和山楂的属间杂交种。     

山核桃溃疡病与营养元素的关系

调查并分析了安徽省宁国市不同种植区山核桃溃疡病与土壤因子、树皮中营养元素等之间的关系,结果表明:山核桃林分中土壤条件与溃疡病的发生与发展的关系十分密切,其感病指数与土壤密度,树皮中P、Fe的含量呈正相关关系;与土层深度,土壤中N、P、K元素的含量和土壤中有机质的含量及树皮中N、K、M g的含量等呈负相关关系。     

桂花幼胚培养及愈伤组织增殖诱导

采用不同培养基对桂花胚的培养进行了试验研究,结果表明:MS 1-1.5 mg.L-16-BA有利于桂花幼胚的萌发;MS 2 mg.L-16-BA 0.3 mg.L-12,4-D有利于幼胚苗的幼叶愈伤组织的诱导,诱导率高,且质地致密;B5 1.5 mg.L-16-BA 0.05 mg.L-1NAA有利于幼胚苗基部产生的愈伤组织的增值诱导,所形成的新愈伤组织呈淡绿色,且质地致密,生长很好,并能分化出根。     

灌区湖泊污染主成分分析

在上游污染物排放特性的影响下,位于灌区内的湖泊水环境污染问题必定有其特殊性.以位于我国北方的河套灌区中的草型浅水湖泊乌梁素海为研究对象,将实测的湖泊水质监测数据与空间数据结合,采用基于因子分析的主成分方法将乌梁素海的水质参数概括为7个主成分,即:富营养化特征指标、湖泊盐化特征指标、湖泊有机物污染指标、湖泊形态特征指标、水体酸碱指标、水体藻类生物量指标、植物生长环境指标.分析讨论各主成分的科学内涵以及结合地区特征的湖泊污染机理,为灌区湖泊水体的合理利用与污染的治理提供科学依据.     

2004～2005年《中国水产科学》引证分析报告

根据中国科学技术信息研究所2006年提供的引证数据,对2004-2005年《中国水产科学》被引证情况进行分析,同时根据2005-2006年版《中国科技期刊引证报告》进行计量学指标分析。结果显示,2年中国内引用《中国水产科学》的期刊种类总数为162种,总计被引频次为1 142次,著者论文被引用篇次最多的为33次,单篇被引次数最高为16次,主要研究领域集中于渔业环境生态、分子遗传育种和鱼类生理生化研究方面。从2004年到2005年,引用期刊种类数量从105种上升为121种,说明《中国水产科学》的影响在稳步提高,但在文章的遴选过程中,应关注当前的研究热点和文章整体科技创新水平。     

Analysis of the variations in dry matter yield and resource use efficiency of maize under different rates of nitrogen,phosphorous and water supply

Abstract

Increasing resources use efficiency in intensive cultivation systems of maize (Zea mays L.) can play an important role in increasing the production and sustainability of agricultural systems. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate DM yield and the efficiency of inputs uses under different levels of water, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in maize. Therefore, three levels of irrigation including 80 (ETc₈₀), 100 (ETc₁₀₀) and 120% (ETc₁₂₀) of crop evapotranspiration were considered as the main plots, and the factorial combination of three levels of zero (N₀), 200 (N₂₀₀) and 400 (N₄₀₀) kg N ha^?1 with three levels of zero (P₀), 100(P₁₀₀) and 200 (P₂₀₀) kg P ha^?1 was considered as the sub plots. The results showed that increasing the consumption of water and P was led to the reduction of N and P utilization efficiency, while RUE increased. WUE was also increased in response to application of N and P, but decreased when ET_C increased. DM yield under ETc₈₀ treatment reduced by 11 and 12%, respectively, compared to ETc₁₀₀ and ETc₁₂₀ which was due to reduction of cumulative absorbed radiation (R_abs(cum)) and RUE. Under these conditions, changes of stomatal conductance (gs) had little effect on DM yield. It was also found that N limitation caused 11 and 20% reduction in DM yield compared to N₂₀₀ and N₄₀₀, respectively. This yield reduction was mainly the result of decrease in RUE. By decreasing R_abs(cum), P deficiency also reduced DM yield by 5 and 9%, respectively, relative to P₁₀₀ and P₂₀₀ treatments.     

秸秆还田与化肥减施对水稻生长指标及光合参数的影响

针对水稻生产中存在秸秆处理不当以及化肥用量增多等问题,以山东省济宁市稻麦轮作体系下水稻“圣稻18号”为研究对象,通过田间试验设置3个处理:常规施肥,小麦秸秆不还田(CK);常规施肥+小麦秸秆全量还田(T1);常规施肥量的85%+小麦秸秆全量还田(T2),深入探究秸秆还田与化肥减施对不同生育期水稻生长、光合参数和产量的影响,为制定合理的水稻种植措施提供理论依据。结果表明,稻麦轮作体系下秸秆还田不利水稻前期生长,但能显著提高水稻生长中、后期的生长指标,并增强水稻生长中、后期对氮、磷、钾等养分的吸收。水稻生长中后期T2处理的叶绿素含量、净光合速率以及光谱反射率均为最高,其中灌浆期SPAD值与净光合速率分别较CK处理升高4.4%和37.5%;另外,T2处理生长后期的Fv/Fm、PIabs均较前期所升高。试验还表明,T2处理水稻产量最高,比CK处理增产13.1%,增产的直接原因是单位面积有效穗数的增加。综上所述,秸秆还田配合化肥减施有助于水稻栽培生产中实现高产增效,在实际生产中值得推广应用。     

冀北地区近50 a马铃薯需水量及水分盈亏时空变化特征

为高效利用水资源,提高农业生产效益,根据联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐的参考作物蒸散计算方法和相关作物系数法,利用河北省马铃薯主要种植区域(冀北地区)23个地面气象站的资料,计算了冀北地区近50a(1969—2018年)马铃薯生育期内的需水量和缺水量,并分析了马铃薯生育期内降水量、有效降水量、需水量、缺水量变化趋势,以及不同区域不同生育期马铃薯需水量、缺水量的变化特征。结果表明:1)近50 a冀北地区马铃薯生育期内降水量、有效降水量年际变化可分为2个阶段:1969—2003年呈减少趋势,气候倾向率分别为–15.68 mm·(10a)~(–1)、–6.61 mm·(10a)~(–1);而2004—2018年呈显著增加趋势,气候倾向率分别为60.07 mm·(10a)~(–1)、9.68 mm·(10a)~(–1)。近50 a平均降水量、有效降水量分别为356.5 mm和148.6 mm;空间上均呈自西向东逐渐递减的带状特征。2)近50a马铃薯生育期需水量和缺水量年际变化也表现出1969—2003年减少、2004—2018年增多的趋势,且需水量多的年份缺水量也多,近50 a平均需水量和缺水量分别为497.8 mm、349.1 mm;空间分布上均呈自坝上高原向坝下山地增多特点,且需水量大的地区缺水量也多。3)马铃薯块茎膨大期需水量最多,期间也是缺水量最多的时期。研究结果显示1969—2018年冀北地区马铃薯生育期内水资源一直处于严重亏缺状态,在生产中需充分考虑马铃薯需水量对气象要素变化的响应,加强水分管理,确保水资源高效利用。     

Institutional performance and participatory paradigms: Comparing two groups of watersheds in semi-arid region of India

Watershed development programmes carried out in different agroclimatic conditions in India resulted in beneficial impact in terms of productivity enhancement and natural resources conservation, but less attention paid to institutional and participatory aspects. This paper explored the performance of various institutions regarding execution of watershed development programmes in semi-arid region of India. Recorded observations from documents maintained at watershed level and information collected through primary survey as well as focus group discussion with different types of stakeholders were used for analysis. The results indicated lacunae in participatory aspects during programme implementation process like monitoring activities, management of common property resources and equity. Gap in linkages and differential level of performance of various watershed level functionaries indicates the necessity for corrections in the structures and linkages pattern for sustainability of the infrastructure and institutions. The study also showed unequal priorities by the implementing agencies towards institutions, land and water resources development, production enhancement activities and fodder resources development as well as rationalities of technical, economic, financial, political and social aspects among the watersheds.     

Effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematode community structure and metabolic footprints in soybean phase of a soybean-maize rotation on Mollisols

It has been well documented that organic amendment affects soil nematode community structure. However, little is known about the effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematodes. To assess the effect of the amount of organic amendments on soil nematode community structure and metabolic activity, the community composition, abundance, and metabolic footprints of soil nematodes were determined in a long-term field experiment with various amounts of organic amendment in Northeast China. Fertilization treatments included an unfertilized control (CK), chemical fertilizer without manure amendment (OM₀), manure applied at 7.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₁), and manure applied at 22.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₂). A total of 46 nematode genera were found. Treatments with the largest amount of organic amendment had the smallest number of plant parasite genera (5), but a largest number of dominant genera (7). Soil nematodes, bacterivores, and fungivores were the most abundant in OM₂, followed by OM₁, and the lowest in OM₀ and CK. Organic amendment increased the enrichment index (EI), and the large amount of organic amendment increased the metabolic footprints of bacterivore (Baf) and fungivore (Fuf) and enrichment footprint (Ef). The relationships between Baf (or Fuf) and the increases in soil organic carbon (ΔSOC) and total nitrogen (ΔTN) were stronger than those of bacterivore (or fungivore) abundance with ΔSOC and ΔTN, except for the relationship between bacterivore abundance and ΔSOC. The EI and Ef were positively correlated with ΔSOC and ΔTN. These findings suggest that the amount of organic amendment affects soil nematode activity and function at entry levels in soil food web, and that metabolic footprints of soil nematodes may be better indicators than their abundances in assessing their relationships with soil nutrients.