Variability in pattern and hydrogen isotope composition (δ2H) of long-chain n-alkanes of surface soils and its relations to climate and vegetation characteristics: A meta-analysis

The average chain length (ACL), carbon preference index (CPI), and hydrogen isotope composition (δ²H) of long-chain n-alkanes in sediments have been used to retrieve information about the paleoclimate. Despite their importance as in-between media from leaves to sediments, n-alkanes of surface soils have not been systematically analyzed at large scale. Such an investigation of the spatial variation of n-alkane properties in soil and their dependence on climatic and botanic (e.g., vegetation type) factors could provide a rationale for a better estimation of the past environment. We synthesized the patterns and δ²H of long-chain n-alkanes in soil (δ²H^n-alkanes) with regard to vegetation types (cropland, grassland, shrubland, and woodland) and environmental factors using data from peer-reviewed papers. Our results showed that the ACL and CPI of soil C₂₇–C₃₃ n-alkanes were not suitable indicators for differentiating vegetation types at large scale; instead, ACL significantly correlated with water conditions such as mean annual precipitation (MAP) and Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), and CPI significantly correlated with temperature without significant influence of vegetation type. The variation (i.e., standard deviation) of fractionation between the δ²H values in annual precipitation and in soil n-alkanes (ε_rain-soil) was smaller than that reported in leaves; therefore, soils were better suited to quantifying the general growing conditions of plants at a certain site. The fractionation ε_rain-soil correlated with climatic conditions as described by the PDSI and relative humidity (RH). This correlation agreed with the change in leaf water enrichment with changing RH taken from the literature and was independent of the vegetation type at large scale. This meta-analysis may provide useful information for the variations of the patterns and δ²H_n-alkanes values in surface soils.     

树轮宽度记录的1861年以来松潘地区秋雨指数变化特征及其形成机理

为了分析气候变暖背景下松潘地区秋雨的时空变化特征及其形成机理,利用采自四川省松潘县二道海的冷杉树轮样本建立了树轮宽度标准年表,并重建了松潘地区过去150 a秋雨指数,回归方程的误差缩减值(RE=0.19)、乘积平均数(t=3.46)和F检验值(16.4)都达到了0.01的显著性水平,重建方程稳定可靠。研究结果表明:(1)过去150 a松潘秋雨没有明显的线性变化趋势,但是年代际波动显著,先后出现了3个偏强时段和4个偏弱时段。(2)从秋雨指数突变检验来看,松潘秋雨可以分为3个时期,1861—1910年、1961—2010年为明显波动期,1911—1960年为相对平稳期。(3)不同时期松潘秋雨的形成机理存在显著差异,其中1861—1910年松潘秋雨的强弱主要由北方冷空气的强弱主导,1911—1960年则主要受夏季风系统控制,1961—2010年松潘秋雨受冷暖空气同步异常的影响。总体来说,1861—2010年松潘秋雨主要呈现出年代际波动的变化特征,这种年代际差异主要是由于北方冷空气和夏季风系统对松潘秋雨影响程度的差异造成的。     

辽宁省生长季气候变化及其对春玉米产量的影响

为了明确气候变化对辽宁省春玉米产量的影响,基于1968—2017年气象站点数据,结合标准化降水蒸散指数(Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index,SPEI),运用M-K趋势分析、相关分析及回归分析等数理统计方法研究了辽宁省春玉米生长季各气候要素、干湿变化特征及其与春玉米产量的关系。结果表明:降水量除丹东呈增加趋势外,其它地区呈现减少趋势; 大部分地区温度呈现升高趋势,风速呈显著减弱趋势,相对湿度变化趋势不显著; 日照时数除辽阳、本溪呈不显著增加外,其他地区呈减少趋势。降水、最高温和平均温是影响辽宁省春玉米产量的重要因子,尤其是朝阳、葫芦岛、锦州、阜新和大连地区,春玉米对这些要素更敏感,与降水量正相关,与最高温、平均温负相关,未来降水量减少、温度升高将不利于这些地区春玉米生长。随着位置东移降水量逐渐以负效应为主,温度逐渐表现为正效应。除阜新、抚顺、本溪等部分地区呈现干旱化外,其他地区表现为不显著的湿润化趋势。朝阳、葫芦岛、阜新等地区春玉米产量对6月、7月的干湿变化较敏感,易受旱减产; 干旱化将使阜新春玉米生产形势变得严峻,朝阳、锦州、大连地区湿润化对春玉米生长有利; 沈阳、鞍山、辽阳和营口地区5—9月的干湿状况均对春玉米产量有影响,抚顺、本溪、铁岭等地区则易受6—8月的干湿状况影响,这些地区当前较适宜春玉米生长; 丹东地区易受涝减产,且湿润化趋势将会对该地区玉米生产造成不利影响。辽宁省不同气候要素及干湿变化对不同地区春玉米产量的影响效应有正有负,程度也各不相同,各地应因地制宜采取合理措施促进玉米丰产。     

基于SPI指数的白洋淀流域干旱演变特征分析

为探究白洋淀流域在气候变化背景下的干旱时空演变特征,基于1979—2018年0.1°分辨率降水格点数据,采用年尺度和季节尺度的标准化降水指数(Standardized Precipitation Index,SPI),结合Mann-Kendall趋势检验法研究了白洋淀流域干旱频次、干旱面积的时空演变特征。结果表明:(1)研究区发生轻旱的频次最高,中旱、重旱、特旱发生的频次依序减少,春季和夏季是干旱频次发生较高的季节,但特旱主要分布在秋季和冬季。(2)研究区年尺度下干旱程度呈不显著减缓趋势,干旱面积略有减少; 春季和夏季干旱程度呈不显著增加趋势,干旱面积略有增加; 秋季和冬季干旱程度呈显著减缓趋势,秋季干旱面积显著减少。(3)轻旱和中旱在整个流域内分布广泛,下游平原区的发生频率高于上游山区,大清河山区的北部和西部以及流域的东南边缘是重旱和特旱的高发地带。综上,白洋淀流域整体呈干旱缓和趋势,但春夏季干旱情况在未来可能会加重。     

Rainfall erosivity and erosivity density through rainfall synthetic series for São Paulo State,Brazil: Assessment,regionalization and modeling

Rainfall is the main cause of erosion of Brazilian soils, which makes assessing the rainfall erosivity factor (RE) and the erosivity density (ED) fundamental for soil and water conservation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: i) to estimate the RE and ED for São Paulo State, Brazil, using synthetic series of pluviographic data; ii) to define homogeneous regions regarding rainfall erosivity; and iii) to generate regression models for rainfall erosivity estimates in each of the homogeneous regions. Synthetic series of pluviographic data were initially obtained on a sub-daily scale from the daily rainfall records of 696 rainfall gauges. The RE values were then estimated from the synthetic rainfall data, and ED was calculated from the relationship between erosivity and rainfall amounts. Monthly and annual maps for RE and ED were obtained. Hierarchical clustering analysis was used to define homogeneous regions in terms of rainfall erosivity, and regionalized regression models for estimating RE were generated. The results demonstrate high spatial variability of RE in São Paulo, where the highest annual values were observed in the coastal region. December to March concentrate approximately 60% of the intra-annual erosivity. The highest values of annual ED were observed in regions with intense agricultural activity. The definition of five homogeneous regions concerning the rainfall erosive potential evidenced distinct seasonal patterns of the spatial distribution of erosivity. Finally, the high predictive accuracy of the regionalized models obtained characterizes them as essential tools for reliable estimates of rainfall erosivity, and contribute to better soil conservation planning.     

鸭肝炎病毒河南株的免疫保护试验研究

为探讨河南省部分地区鸭肝炎病免疫失败的原因,对分离到的鸭肝炎野毒株(LY株)在雏鸭、鸭胚及鸡胚上进行免疫保护试验、交叉中和试验。结果表明DH-Ⅰ型血清对该LY株的免疫保护指数较低,明显低于LY株血清的保护指数,表明该疫区部分鸭肝炎野毒株的抗原性已发生改变;交叉中和试验对该结果进行了进一步的验证;另采用LY株和DHV-I病毒疫苗联合制备鸭肝炎高免蛋黄抗体用于临床免疫防治可使临床保护率达到90%以上。     

粳稻品种苗期耐盐指标分析及品种耐盐力鉴定

为筛选水稻耐盐品种,以10个粳稻品种为试验对象,采用对比试验的方法,分析评价1.5%NaCl水溶液对粳稻苗期各项耐盐指标的影响。耐盐指标综合分析结果表明:辽盐2号、辽粳9234、沈农9911、丰锦、辽盐糯的总体耐盐力较强;盐丰47、铁粳4号、沈农9816的总体耐盐力中等;一见钟情、松粳7号的总体耐盐力较低。     

壳聚糖对悬浮种衣剂理化指标改变与持效期关联的研究

研究将壳聚糖分别按照0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的用量加入18.6%拌＆#183;福＆#183;乙悬浮种衣剂中,测定其成膜时间、包衣均匀度、包衣脱落率、包衣覆盖率、种子表面药剂浸水脱落率等理化指标,通过田间药效试验,探索壳聚糖悬浮种衣剂混配药剂拌种,达到延长药效的最佳途径。结果表明：通过对悬浮种衣剂的理化指标的测试分析,壳聚糖能明显的改善指标性质,成膜时间和包衣脱落率均高于现用悬浮种衣剂,提高药剂在种子表面附着率。研究结论：壳聚糖通过改变悬浮种衣剂理化性能来影响有效成分释放,在成膜时间和剂量的释放上得到了明显的控制,使原药的功效得到明显的提高,悬浮种衣剂的持效期延长,减少农药的使用剂量,保护环境。     

利用InDel标记鉴定水稻籼粳交衍生株系的籼粳属性

通过籼粳杂交培育了9个水稻品系,进行形态指数法和分子标记法籼粳属性鉴定.结果表明,GY908、GY1128、GY1124和GY2888属籼稻类型,GY926和GY2750属偏籼类型,GY726、GY770、GY1134属偏粳类型,与分子标记的遗传距离聚类分析结果一致.说明通过籼粳渐渗手段,培育中间型水稻品系,对丰富水稻新材料的遗传背景具有重要意义.     

小型震损水库溃坝风险分析研究

为研究小型震损水库溃坝风险,对水库的溃坝路径、溃坝概率、溃坝后果进行分析,建立风险评价模型,最终确定其风险指数。在简单介绍此模型的基础上,通过实例说明其在水库风险分析中的应用,确定模型的实用性及便捷性。