双氰胺对氮肥增产效益的影响

分析了水田和旱田应用双氰胺(不同用量+氮素)的增产效益。结果表明:双氰胺在水田条件下(施用量8～32kg/hm2),增产幅度为12.2%～14.3%,最高产量施用量为21.4kg/hm2,最佳经济产量施用量为20.97kg/hm2,施用比例为1∶0.11～0.15。在旱田条件下(施用16.5～49.5kg/hm2),增产3.4%～6.6%,最高产量施用量为38.6kg/hm2,最佳经济产量施用量为33.9kg/hm2,其比例为1∶0.15～0.18,可作为玉米的安全生长用量。     

氮肥与双氰胺配施对棚室黄瓜生长及土壤氮素淋失的影响

以传统水氦管理为对照,进行优化水氮管理条件下氮肥与双氰胺配施对大棚黄瓜氮肥利用效率、氮素淋洗损失及黄瓜产量与品质的影响研究.结果表明,与传统水氮管理相比,优化水氮管理虽然减少了氮肥用量及灌水量,但黄瓜产量与传统处理无显著差异,黄瓜硝酸盐含量显著低于传统处理的硝酸盐含量.随追肥及灌水次数增加,优化水氮管理0-60 cm土层硝态氮呈增加趋势,60 cm以下各土层不同时期变幅较小,W2N2+DCD、W2N3+DCD、W2N4+DCD的变化范围分别为6.09～33.36 mg/kg,19.03～29.28mg/kg,14.98～25.46 mg/kg,表明氮肥中添加DCD有效抑制了N03--N向下层土壤的淋洗.初瓜期、盛瓜期、末瓜期各处理0-180 cm土层硝态氮积累量大小顺序为W1N1>W2N3+DCD>W2N2+DCD>W2N4+DCD>W1N0.施用氮肥及DCD处理的表层土壤铵态氮含量显著高于W1N1的铵态氮含量.W2N4+DCD比传统水氮处理氮肥用量减少56.88%.灌水量减少33.30%,初瓜期、盛瓜期、末瓜期比传统水氮处理硝态氯累积量分别减少62.93%,74.42%,69.35%,极大降低土壤氮素的淋洗风险,综合来看其经济效益与环境效益最佳.     

不同浓度DMPP和DCD对石灰性土壤中氮素转化的影响

【目的】研究不同浓度硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸（DMPP）和双氰胺（DCD）对石灰性土壤中氮素转化的影响,筛选出适宜石灰性土壤施用的DMPP和DCD最佳浓度,为其进一步在生产实践中的施用提供参考。【方法】采用室内培养的试验方法,在相同培养条件（土壤水分含量为田间持水量（WHC）的60%,温度为25℃）下,通过测定不同浓度DMPP（含氮量的0.5%、1%、2.5%和5%）和DCD（含氮量的2.5%、5%、10%和15%）处理土壤中各种形态氮素含量,评价不同浓度DMPP和DCD的抑制效果。【结果】施加不同浓度DMPP和DCD的土壤铵态氮含量均显著高于CK,而硝态氮和亚硝态氮含量显著低于CK。石灰性土壤中施用DMPP和DCD均能显著降低土壤的氨氧化速率,土壤铵态氮的半衰期从CK处理的3.6 d分别增加到14.1-17.1 d和13.1-26.8 d。不同浓度的DMPP间氨氧化速率差异不显著;而DCD处理的氨氧化速率随其浓度的增加而下降,亦即土壤铵态氮浓度的半衰期随施用浓度的增加而显著增加。除CK外,各处理氨氧化速率常数k相比,以2.5%DCD最小,15%DCD最大;DMPP与DCD相比较,除DCD最低浓度处理外（2.5%）,所有DCD处理的氨氧化速率均大于DMPP。【结论】硝化抑制剂DMPP和DCD均能显著抑制铵态氮向硝态氮的氧化进程,DMPP各浓度处理抑制效果差异不显著,DCD各浓度处理间差异显著,5%DCD与DMPP各浓度处理间无显著差异。因此,建议DCD的施用量为含氮量5%,而DMPP的施用量为含氮量的0.5%。     

石灰性土壤中不同硝化抑制剂的抑制效果及其对亚硝态氮累积的影响

 【目的】比较不同硝化抑制剂3, 4-二甲基吡唑磷酸（DMPP）、双氰胺（DCD）、2-氨基-4-氯-6-甲基吡啶（AM）和硫脲（TU）在石灰性土壤中的抑制效果,明确其对土壤中亚硝态氮累积的影响。【方法】采用室内培养的方法,比较了硝化抑制剂对石灰性土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮、pH、表观硝化率和硝化抑制率的影响。【结果】施用TU和未施用硝化抑制剂的土壤在培养初期（1—3 d）出现了亚硝态氮的累积。TU的施用导致土壤pH下降至硝化作用适宜的范围,从而促进了硝化作用进程;施用硝化抑制剂DMPP、DCD和AM的土壤几乎未检测到亚硝态氮,且硝化抑制效果明显,硝化过程延滞35—39 d。硝化抑制率强弱顺序10%DCD＞1%DMPP＞5%AM（这里的数值代表硝化抑制剂的施入量占施入纯N量的百分比）。【结论】DMPP、DCD和AM的施用能显著抑制亚硝态氮的产生,并能显著抑制硝化作用进程（P＜0.01）;相反,TU的施用却促进了硝化作用的进程。供试的4种硝化抑制剂中,以10%DCD（纯N含量）处理的硝化抑制率最高,其次是1%DMPP。     

pH变化对中性土壤硝化过程N2O释放的影响

通过人为调节获得pH5.82、pH6.95和pH7.55的3种pH土壤,采用室内培养方法,研究了pH变化对土壤硝化过程N2O产生以及双氰胺(DCD)对硝化过程抑制作用的影响.结果表明,在好气培养2 d内,土壤硝化速率与pH呈正相关关系;在12 d的培养期间,土壤N2O释放总量随pH增大而增大,最大N2O释放量占施氮量的0.363%;pH变化影响土壤硝化作用的强弱以及硝化过程中N2O/N2的比例;pH变化对DCD的抑制作用影响显著,DCD对N2O释放总量的抑制率为34.4%～72.2%,当pH5.82时抑制作用最强.     

Correlation Studies on Ammonium/Nitrate Concentrations in Soil and Growth and Yield of Wheat

A field experiment was conducted at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the growth and yield of wheat as influenced by the concentrations of ammonium-N and nitrate-N in soil. A series of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen concentrations in soil on a time frame was developed by treating prilled urea with nitrification inhibitors DCD or neem cake as well as by changing the dose and time of N application. The study revealed that number of tillers m^-1 as well as ears m^-1 row length were significantly positively correlated with ammonium-N concentration at 15 and 30 DAS and nitrate-N concentration at 30 and 45 DAS. Number of grains ear^-1 was significantly positively correlated with ammonium-N at 30, 45 and 60 DAS and nitrate-N at 45 and 60 DAS. Ultimately grain yield in wheat was significantly positively correlated with ammonium-N concentration at 15 and 30 DAS and nitrate-N concentration at 30, 45 and 60 DAS. The response between grain yield and concentrations of both ammonium and nitrate forms of N was quadratic. The optimum concentration of ammonium-N in soil for maximum grain yield gradually decreased with the age of the crop from 54.6 to 63.6 μg g^-1 at 15 DAS to 22.7 to 26 μg g^-1 at 30 DAS. In the case of nitrate-N its optimum concentration for maximum grain yield increased with age of the crop from 25.1 to 30 μg g^-1 at 15 DAS to 31.6 to 34 at 45 DAS and it decreased thereafter.     

双氰胺在玉米苗期的使用研究

实验研究了双氰胺在玉米苗期对土壤微生物细菌、霉菌和放线菌的影响,及对土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮贮量变化的影响。结果表明:双氰胺对土壤中的细菌、放线菌生长具有促进作用,对土壤中的霉菌生长具有抑制作用。并且双氰胺通过其硝化抑制作用可以延缓铵态氮的硝化速率,使施入的碳铵能较长时间的以铵态氮的形态存在。     

尿素与DCD和有机物料配施条件下氮素的转化和去向

 采用好气土壤培养试验 ,研究了尿素配施有机物料和DCD条件下土壤不同氮库的动态。结果表明 ,尿素、尿素与小麦秸秆、苜蓿秸秆、鸡粪配施的条件下 ,硝化作用在 7d之内完成。DCD处理的NH4 N一直保持较高水平 ,说明DCD对土壤硝化过程有强烈的抑制作用。与单施尿素相比 ,C N高的小麦秸秆显著地降低了NH4 N、NO3 N的含量 ;C N低的苜蓿秸秆和鸡粪显著地增加了NH4 N、NO3 N的含量。土壤易矿化有机态氮不仅含量低 ,且处理之间没有显著差异。与对照相比 ,施肥后土壤微生物氮的含量有所增加 ,但处理间没有达到显著水平。15N标记结果表明 :肥料氮的回收率在 84 .1%～ 92 .0 %之间 ,加入DCD显著提高了肥料氮的回收率 ,其他处理之间没有显著差异。DCD处理肥料氮主要以有机固定态或粘粒矿物固定态存在 ,其次以NH4 N形式存在 ;其他处理肥料氮在土壤中主要以NO3 N形式存在 ,加入秸秆增加了化肥氮被土壤固定的比例 ,鸡粪中的氮素几乎全部以极易矿化的形式存在。     

Influence of DCD and DMPP on soil N dynamics after incorporation of vegetable crop residues

We have investigated the effect of two nitrification inhibitors, 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) and dicyandiamide (DCD), on the accumulation of and after incorporation of cauliflower residues in incubation experiments. Cauliflower leaves were incubated with soil and DCD or DMPP at two application rates [8.93 and 17.9 mg active component (ac) kg⁻¹ for DCD; 0.89 and 1.79 mg ac kg⁻¹ for DMPP]. Both doses of DCD and DMPP increased on average by 18.9 and 26.0 mg N kg⁻¹ for DCD1 (during 30 days) and DCD2 (during 45 days), respectively, and on average by 14.4 mg N kg⁻¹ for DMPP1 and DMPP2 during a period of at least 95 days. In DCD-treated soils, data followed an S-shaped curve, indicating that nitrification restarted during the experiment: inhibition was on average 24% during 35 days for DCD1 and on average 45% during 49 days for DCD2. Thereafter, amount in DCD-treated soils exceeded that of the cauliflower-only treatment by 31% for DCD1 and 78% for DCD2, probably due to a nitrogen release from DCD itself and a priming effect induced by DCD. In DMPP-treated soils, data followed a linear pattern since nitrification was inhibited during the complete incubation (95 days): inhibition was on average 56 and 64% for DMPP1 and DMPP2, respectively. DMPP did not affect the N mineralization of the crop residues. Under favourable conditions, DCD is able to inhibit the nitrification from crop residues for 50 days and DMPP for at least 95 days. Hence, especially DMPP shows a potential to reduce leaching after incorporation of crop residues.     

Effects of Conventional and Stabilized Urea Fertilizers on Soil Biological Status

Effects of stabilized urea fertilizers [Alzon 46 (A) and UREAstabil (US)] on soil microbiological and chemical parameters and also on grain yield, 1000-grain weight, and oil content were tested in a precise field study on Luvisol in 2010–2012. Winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L. cv. Californium) was fertilized both in autumn [45 kg nitrogen (N) ha^?1] and in spring (155 kg N ha^?1) with A [urea with DCD (dicyandiamide) plus pyrrodiazole (1,2,4-1H-triazole)], US {urea with NBPT [N-(n-butyl)-thiophosphoric acid triamide]}, and conventional N fertilizers (pure urea, calcium ammonium nitrate). Eleven parameters were used to evaluate the soil status: microbial biomass carbon (C; microwave method [MW]), dehydrogenase activity, arylsulfatase activity, available organic carbon, electroconductivity, C_org (MW method), and pH (in water, H₂O). None of the 11 parameters demonstrated significant difference between control, conventional N fertilizers, and stabilized urea fertilizers. The greatest yield significantly different from the control (zero kg N ha^?1; 2598 ± 881 kg ha^?1) was found for both stabilized urea fertilizers: A (200 kg N ha^?1; 3772 ± 759 kg ha^?1) and US (200 kg N ha^?1; 3764 ± 625 kg ha^?1). The control achieved the greatest oil content (46.0 ± 1.2%), which was significantly different from all N-fertilized variants, and also the greatest 1000-grain weight (5.62 ± 0.62 g).