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21.
【目的】通过探究生物炭、双氰胺（DCD）及二者联合施用对设施土壤温室气体（N2O、CO2和CH4）排放的综合效应,为设施蔬菜生产体系的温室气体减排和绿色发展提供科学依据。【方法】以设施小油菜（Brassica campestris L.）田为研究对象,设置不施氮（CK）、传统施氮（CN）、推荐施氮（RN）、推荐施氮+生物炭（RNB）、推荐施氮+DCD（RND）和推荐施氮+生物炭+DCD（RNBD）6个处理。分析不同处理下土壤温室气体的排放特征,以及排放强度（GHGI）和全球增温潜势（GWP）的差异。【结果】与CN相比,推荐施氮条件下各处理（RN、RNB、RND和RNBD）的小油菜产量降低2.9%—29.3%,但在推荐施氮条件下,生物炭+DCD联合施用处理（RNBD）则使小油菜产量增加了34.4%,生物炭和DCD在小油菜增产方面表现出协同效果（P<0.05）。推荐施氮的各处理较传统施氮（CN）降低了29.4%—76.5%的土壤N2O排放量,以RND效果最优,但对土壤CO2、CH4排放影响不大;与CN相比,推荐施氮的各处理总GWP有所降低,降低幅度为4.3%—51.2%,以RND减排效果最优;就GHGI而言,各推荐施氮处理间差异则不显著（P>0.05）。【结论】相同尿素施用量条件下,推荐施氮配施生物炭或双氰胺对小油菜产量影响不大,但二者联合配施可显著促进小油菜增产,并可在一定程度上降低温室气体累积排放与全球增温潜势,但二者配合施用的效果并不优于推荐施氮与双氰胺配施的处理。 相似文献
22.
采用土壤盆栽法,研究了双氰胺(DCD)、硫脲(THU)和硫脲甲醛树脂(TFR)以及包硫尿素(SCU)对土壤氮素形态和小麦产量的影响。试验共设不施氮(CK)、单施尿素、包硫尿素(SCU)、以及尿素分别与DCD、THA、TUF的3个浓度梯度(分别按尿素用量的0.5%、1%、2%)配合施用共12个处理。结果表明:随添加浓度的增加,硝化抑制作用逐渐增强,高剂量硝化抑制剂显著降低土壤NO-3-N含量,在2%添加浓度下,DCD、THU、TFR的土壤NO-3-N浓度分别比单施尿素降低29%、22%和14%,对土壤表观硝化率的抑制强度也是2%DCD2%THU2%TFR;SCU处理与2%DCD作用强度接近,且在施用早期就体现抑制效果,并在追肥后第74 d土壤表观硝化率显著低于使用硝化抑制剂的处理(P0.05);硝化抑制剂和SCU都可以使土壤NH+4-N含量稳定在较高的水平,抑制剂用量越多,土壤NH+4-N含量越高;与单施尿素相比,尿素+DCD模式,均可提高小麦产量,且在0.5%、1%、2%添加浓度,都达到显著水平(P0.05);THU在1.0%和2.0%添加浓度,小麦产量显著高于单施尿素,但增产效果次于DCD。总体上,包硫尿素(SCU)比硝化抑制剂在控释氮素方面效果更持久,而3种硝化抑制剂中,在控制土壤NH+4-N转化、土壤硝化抑制方面,DCD和THU优于TFR;作为外源添加物的抑制剂长期应用可能对土壤环境造成潜在的危害,不同硝化抑制在土壤中的形态归趋和长期作用还有待进一步研究。 相似文献
23.
[目的]研究秸秆和DCD对冬小麦不同生育期施入尿素土壤行为的影响—硝态氮的淋失特征。[方法]通过田间试验,在不同时期取土样,采用连续流运分析仪法测定NO3-N。试验设5个处理：对照（不施秸秆、DCD和尿素,CK）;单施尿素（U）;尿素＋秸秆（U＋S）;尿素＋DCD（U＋DCD）;尿素＋秸秆＋DCD（U＋S＋DCD）。[结果]在田间试验条件下,总的趋势是加DCD的2个处理能有效减少NO3-N的淋失;加入秸秆后虽能减少部分NO3-N向下淋洗,但作用不明显。[结论]DOD和秸秆对不同时期施入尿素的土壤行为和硝态氮的淋失特征均产生一定影响。 相似文献
24.
AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the mitigating effects of lime nitrogen (calcium cyanamide) and dicyandiamide (DCD) application on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from fields of green tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze]. The study was conducted in experimental tea fields in which the fertilizer application rate was 544 kg nitrogen (N) ha?1 yr?1 for 2 years. The mean cumulative N2O flux from the soil between the canopies of tea plants for 2 years was 7.1 ± 0.9 kg N ha?1 yr?1 in control plots. The cumulative N2O flux in the plots supplemented with lime nitrogen was 3.5 ± 0.1 kgN ha?1, approximately 51% lower than that in control plots. This reduction was due to the inhibition of nitrification by DCD, which was produced from the lime nitrogen. In addition, the increase in soil pH by lime in the lime nitrogen may also be another reason for the decreased N2O emissions from soil in LN plots. Meanwhile, the cumulative N2O flux in DCD plots was not significantly different from that in control plots. The seasonal variability in N2O emissions in DCD plots differed from that in control plots and application of DCD sometimes increased N2O emissions from tea field soil. The nitrification inhibition effect of lime nitrogen and DCD helped to delay nitrification of ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N), leading to high NH4+-N concentrations and a high ratio of NH4+-N /nitrate-nitrogen (NO3–-N) in the soil. The inhibitors delayed the formation of NO3–-N in soil. N uptake by tea plants was almost the same among all three treatments. 相似文献
25.
【目的】研究氮肥与硝化抑制剂撒施及条施覆土三种追施氮肥方式下土壤N2O和NH3排放规律、 O2浓度及土壤NH4+-N、 NO2--N和NO3--N的时空动态,揭示追氮方式对两种重要环境气体排放的影响及机制。【方法】试验设置3个处理: 1)农民习惯追氮方式撒施(BC); 2)撒施添加10%的硝化抑制剂(BC+DCD); 3) 条施后覆土(Band)。 3个处理均在施肥后均匀灌水20 mm。在夏玉米十叶期追施氮肥后的15天(2014年7月23日至8月8日)进行田间原位连续动态观测,并在玉米成熟期测定产量及吸氮量。采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O排放量,土壤气体平衡管-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O浓度,PVC管-通气法测定土壤NH3挥发,土壤气体平衡管-泵吸式O2浓度测定仪测定土壤O2浓度。【结果】农民习惯追氮方式N2O排放量为N 395 g/hm2,NH3挥发损失为N 22.9 kg/hm2,同时还导致土壤在一定程度上积累了NO2--N。与习惯追氮方式相比,添加硝化抑制剂显著减少N2O排放89.4%,使NH3挥发略有增加,未造成土壤NO2--N的累积。条施覆土使土壤N2O排放量显著增加将近1倍,但使NH3挥发显著减少69.4%,同时造成施肥后土壤局部高NO2--N累积。条施覆土的施肥条带上土壤NO2--N含量与N2O排放通量呈显著正相关。土壤气体的O2和N2O浓度受土壤含水量控制,当土壤WFPS大于60%时,020 cm土层中的O2浓度明显降低,而N2O浓度增加,土壤N2O浓度和土壤O2浓度间呈极显著负相关。各处理地上部产量及总吸氮量差异不显著。【结论】土壤NO2--N的累积与铵态氮肥施肥方式密切相关,NO2--N的累积能够促进土壤N2O的排放,且在条施覆土时达到显著水平(P0.05)。追氮方式对N2O和NH3两种气体的排放存在某种程度的此消彼长,添加硝化抑制剂在减少N2O排放的同时会增加NH3挥发,条施覆土在显著减少NH3挥发的同时会显著增加土壤N2O排放。在条施覆土基础上添加硝化抑制剂,有可能同时降低N2O排放和NH3挥发损失,此推论值得进一步研究。 相似文献
26.
[目的]通过田间试验研究秸秆和DCD对冬小麦不同生育期施入尿素后土壤铵态氮的动态变化。[方法]试验设5个处理：对照（不施秸秆和尿素,CK）;单施尿素（U）;尿素＋秸秆（U＋S）;尿素＋DCD（U＋DCD）;尿素＋秸秆＋DCD（U＋S＋DCD）。[结果]在田间条件下,在尿素配施DCD的处理中,在一定时间内土壤NH4-N含量明显高于未加DCD处理;在尿素配施秸秆处理中,土壤NH4＋-N含量均低于未加秸秆处理;在不同的温度和湿度条件下,尿素的水解速率亦有较大的差别。[结论]秸秆和DCD对通过不同时期施入尿素的土壤行为均产生影响。 相似文献
27.
秸秆和DCD对冬小麦不同生育期施入尿素的土壤行为的影响Ⅱ：硝态氮的动态变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]通过田间试验研究秸秆和DCD对冬小麦不同生育期施入尿素土壤行为的影响。[方法]试验设5个处理：对照（不施秸秆、DCD和尿素,CK）;单施尿素（U）;尿素＋秸秆（U＋S）;尿素＋DCD（U＋DCD）;尿素＋秸秆＋DCD（U＋S＋DCD）。[结果]在田间条件下,在尿素配施DCD的处理中,在一定时间内土壤NO3-N数量明显低于未加DCD处理;在配施秸秆处理中,秸秆加入后,延缓了硝化作用的发生以及土壤NO3-N的积累速率。[结论]该研究为揭示尿素在土壤中的行为特征及合理施用尿素提供理论依据。 相似文献
28.
M. Zaman S. Zaman C. Adhinarayanan M.L. Nguyen S. Nawaz K.M. Dawar 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):649-659
Abstract The humic substances contained in an animal organic waste were extracted and the total extract separated into three humic fractions with different molecular weights (low, F1 <103; medium, F2, with molecular weights ranging from 103 to 104; and high, F3 >104). The C content was highest in F2, the same fraction also showing the lowest N content. The molecular weight of the humic fractions influenced the electrical conductivity, the highest molecular weight resulting in the lowest degree of electrical conductivity. Membrane-controlled ultrafiltra-tion (the method used to separate the various fractions from the whole extract) was also suitable for purifying such enzymes as phosphatase and β-glucosidase: the total activity obtained from the three fractions was considerably greater than that determined in the whole extract, Pyrolysis-gas chromatography (Py-GC) applied to the whole extract and humic fractions showed that in the F3 fraction (highest molecular weight) benzene was the major fragment while furfural was the major fragment of F1 (lowest molecular weight). For this reason, the humification index benzene/toluene indicates that the fraction with the highest molecular weight was the most humified while the furfural/pyrrole ratio indicates that the fraction with the lowest molecular weight was the most degradable. The whole extract and the fraction F1 had a negative effect on seed germination when the concentration was equivalent to 100 mg kg?1 of C, while the germination index was higher than that of the control when only 10 mg kg?1 were used. The F2 fraction had a positive effect on germination regardless of the concentration used. When 10 mg kg?1 of C of the humic substances studied were added to the nutrient solution for growth experiments with maize plants, F3 led to increases in root weight and F2 led to increases in shoot weight. An inhibitor effect was observed for fraction F1. 相似文献
29.
The use of nitrification inhibitors (NI) is a technique which is able to improve N fertilizer use efficiency, to reduce nitrate leaching and to decrease the emission of the climate‐relevant gas N2O simultaneously, particularly in moderately fertilized agricultural systems adapted to plant N demand. The ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) is the first enzyme which is involved in the oxidation of NH$ _4^+ $ to NO$ _3^ - $ in soils. The inhibition of the AMO by NIs directly decreases the nitrification rate and it reduces the NO$ _3^- $ concentration which serves as substrate for denitrification. Hence, the two main pathways of N2O production in soils are blocked or their source strength is at least decreased. Although it has been shown that archaea are also able to oxidize NH3, results from literature suggest that the enzymatic activity of NH3 oxidizing bacteria is the most important target for NIs because it was much stronger affected. The application of NIs to reduce N2O emissions is most effective under conditions in which the NI remains close to the N ‐ fertilizer. This is the case when the NI was sprayed on mineral ‐ N fertilizer granules or thoroughly mixed with liquid fertilizers. Most serious problems of spatial separation of NI and substrate emerge on pasture soils, where N2O hotspots occur under urine and to a lesser extent under manure patches. From the few studies on the effect of different NI quantities it seems that the amount of NI necessary to reduce N2O emissions is below the recommendations for NI amounts in practice. NIs can improve the fertilizer value of liquid manure. For instance, the addition of NIs to slurry can increase N uptake and yield of crops when NO$ _3^ - $ ‐ N leaching losses are reduced. It has clearly been demonstrated that NIs added to cattle slurry are very effective in reducing N2O as well as NO emissions after surface application and injection of slurry into grassland soils. In flooded rice systems NIs can reduce CH4 emission significantly, whereas the effect on CO2 emission is varying. On the other hand, as an effect of the delay of nitrification by NIs, NH3 emission might increase when N fertilizers are not incorporated into the soil. As compared to other measures NIs have a high potential to reduce N2O emissions from agricultural soils. Further, no other measure has so consistently been proofed according its efficiency to reduce N2O emissions. From the published data [Akiyama et al. ( 2010 ) and more recent data from the years 2010–2013; 140 data sets in total] a reduction potential of approx. 35% seems realistic; however, further measurements in different management systems, particularly in regions with intense frost/thaw cycles seem necessary to confirm this reduction potential. These measurements generally should cover a whole annual cycle. 相似文献
30.
为了解陕西黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦季N2O排放规律,探索旱地N2O减排方法,采用密闭式静态箱法,以不同施氮处理[CK:对照,不施氮;CON:当地农民习惯施氮,施氮量220 kg·hm-2;OPT:优化施氮加秸秆还田,施氮量150 kg·hm-2;OPT+DCD:优化施氮加秸秆还田,同时施用施氮量5%的硝化抑制剂DCD;OPT(SR):优化施氮(所用肥料为包膜型缓控释肥)加秸秆还田]为基础,研究黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦农田N2O季节排放特征和减排措施。结果表明:黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦季N2O排放具有首月持续、大量排放,末月雨后瞬间排放,中期低排放的特点。各处理中,OPT+DCD和OPT(SR)在播种—返青期能显著减少N2O排放水平,而返青—成熟期,各优化处理差异不显著。从整个小麦季N2O排放总量来看,各优化处理能够减少N2O排放量,提高作物产量,降低单位产量N2O排放量。具体表现为:1与CON处理的N2O排放量相比,OPT、OPT+DCD和OPT(SR)处理分别减排29.2%(P0.01)、38.7%(P0.01)和39.3%(P0.01),但3个优化处理间差异不显著;2与CON处理的产量相比,OPT、OPT+DCD和OPT(SR)处理分别增产3.8%(P0.05)、15.2%(P0.05)和9.5%(P0.05);3与CON处理的单位产量N2O排放量相比,OPT处理单位产量N2O排放量减少31.7%(P0.05);而相对于OPT处理,OPT+DCD处理和OPT(SR)处理分别减少了单位产量排放量的22.1%(P0.05)和18.9%(P0.05)。本研究表明,减少施氮量至150 kg·hm-2,并施用秸秆是减少N2O排放的重要手段,而施用缓控释肥或一定量的DCD可提升作物产量。 相似文献