缩放型喷嘴空化射流空泡云演化规律的试验研究

基于高速摄影技术对缩放型喷嘴进行空化射流试验,以揭示不同进口压力下空化射流流场特性,分析进口压力对空泡云演化规律的影响.结果表明:淹没式空化射流形成的泡云呈周期性变化,即在1个周期内包含空化初生、发展、脱落、溃灭4个不同阶段,并在空泡云脱落时达到最大的空泡面积、密度和宽度.由于随着射流入口压力的增大,喷嘴形成的射流速度加快,在射流边界层内速度梯度增大、射流核心区与伴随流的剪切作用增强,高速射流所产生的空泡云长度、面积和密度均呈增大趋势.同时,随着进口压力的增大,边界层内湍动能增大,加剧了部分流体的不规则运动,导致空泡云边界更加模糊且呈交错分布,空泡云的脱落频率不断增大.研究结果对提高空化射流在金属材料强化和石油钻井、破岩等领域的应用具有重要的理论意义和指导价值.     

城市交叉口公交优先信号协调模式探讨

对混合交通条件下基本车道饱和流量的各影响因素进行了分析,对比基本车道饱和流量影响因素修正方法,给出了基本车道饱和流量及各类车道通用校正系数常用计算方法。分析了公交车在连线上的运行特性,基于单点定时式公交优先信号配时模型,以人均延误最小为目标,建立了定时式两相邻交叉口公交优先信号协调配时模型;基于以人总延误最小为目标建立了定周期两相邻交叉口公交优先信号协调配时模型。利用实际调查数据,采用仿真分析方法验证本文提出的混合交通条件下定时式两相邻交叉口公交优先信号协调配时模型的正确性。     

离心泵整体叶轮流道数控加工误差的仿真

对数控加工所获得的叶轮流道的加工误差进行仿真。首先对刀位轨迹线进行归一化处理,以此计算出脊棱高度曲线,再采用线性插值的方法得到曲面上采样点的加工误差。由于自由曲面加工中的刀位点比较密集,本文利用彩色云图将加工误差可视化,完善了对数控加工结果的计算机几何仿真。该算法已在自行研制的叶轮CAM系统中得到验证,并且与实际加工结果一致。     

浅析气象夜间云的观测

随着气象现代化的飞速发展,很多项要素均已进入自动化观测或进入自动化与人工对比观测.云是重要的气象要素之一,且种类繁多,演变复杂,千变万化,云的变化又与天气紧密相连,对天气形势的变化有着极其奥妙的前瞻性和预见性,而夜间云的观测由于受多方面的条件限制,夜间云的准确观测就变成目测项目中最为困难的一个项目.     

基于三维点云的蔬菜大棚杂草识别方法

为实现蔬菜大棚内自动化除草的目的,针对其中的杂草识别环节,提出了一种基于三维点云的新型蔬菜大棚杂草识别方法。采用RGB-D相机获取青菜田、生菜田的三维点云图像,采用超绿色算法去除其中的土壤等背景,采用体素滤波法在保留点云图像形状特征的同时降低点云数量,然后采用欧式聚类法分割出单株青菜和单棵杂草的点云簇,分别计算得到每个点云簇的最高点的Z坐标值,最后结合深度信息Z坐标值实现蔬菜大棚杂草识别。结果表明:这种基于三维点云的杂草识别方法能够有效的识别出杂草,识别率为86.48%。该方法能够对蔬菜大棚中的杂草进行准确识别,为蔬菜大棚自动化除草提供有效的解决方案。     

湖南地区常绿草坪混播组合筛选研究

根据立地条件和生物学特性,选择暖季型草坪草狗牙根和冷季型草坪草草地早熟禾的不同品种按照不同比例混播成24种草坪进行试验,并对不同混播组合进行了适应性和成坪品质的观察测定,成坪后用模糊数学综合评判法评定草坪质量。结果表明,24种不同混播草坪质量有所差异,初步确定在湖南地区用金字塔狗牙根3 g/m2+自由2号早熟禾10 g/m2的混播草坪全年综合质量表现最佳。     

基于激光雷达扫描的料仓原料储料量测量方法

为提高仓内原料储料量测量自动化和智能化水平,设计了一种基于二维激光雷达扫描的储料量测量装置与系统。本系统采用RPLIDAR S1型二维激光雷达扫描获取不同储料量物料的原始点云数据,通过坐标变换、重叠点提取、滤波、分割等方法对原始点云进行预处理,采用贪婪投影三角化算法将预处理后的点云进行三维重建,获得仓内原料的三维模型,结合物料三维模型和物料的容重获得仓内原料的储料量,从而实现储料量的自动测量。以玉米为试验对象,测量小型储料塔内玉米储料量并对玉米不同储料量进行扫描测量,验证模型的准确性,结果显示：测量结果的平均绝对误差为8.05 kg,平均相对误差为1.52%。研究结果表明,基于二维激光雷达扫描的储料量测量方法是可行的,具有较好的稳定性和测量精度,能够满足实际生产需求。     

北京鹫峰地区松栎混交群落结构与物种多样性

利用在北京鹫峰地区设置的8个样方的调查资料,对该地区松栎混交群落结构及物种多样性进行了分析研究。结果表明:群落土壤呈微酸性,自然肥力较低;调查共计维管束植物58种,隶属于36科56属,其中乔木树种占主导地位,植株的最大密度为1 975株/hm2;生活型谱以高位芽植物最多,1年生草本植物比例居中,反映出群落水分条件一般;群落结构分明,乔木层、灌木层和草本层层次清晰;乔木以栓皮栎占绝对优势,其重要值最高,优势度明显;乔木层物种多样性指数不高,群落物种丰富度和多样性指数主要受灌木层和草本层影响,群落处于恢复前期;群落的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数反映出基本一致的趋势,不同层次的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优秀度指数、种间相遇机率和Pielou均匀度指数的趋势基本上是草本层>灌木层>乔木层。     

Forage legumes in grass pastures in tropical Brazil and likely impacts on greenhouse gas emissions: A review

Beef cattle producers seldom use fertilizers for their pastures in tropical regions of Brazil. Slowly, this is changing but because of the need for repeated applications, N fertilizer is rarely applied. The introduction of a forage legume is an appropriate solution for this problem, but until recently adoption has been very low as the legumes generally have not persisted in the sward. We report research on how grazing management can affect the persistence of stoloniferous legumes in pastures of Brachiaria spp. and the problems of establishing and maintaining crown-forming legumes such as Stylosanthes spp. With suitable management, milk or bovine carcass yields can be equal or greater from mixed than from grass-alone pastures fertilized with 120 or 150 kg Nha^-1 year⁻¹. In addition to savings in CO₂ emissions from fossil fuels for the production and distribution of N fertilizers, nitrous oxide emissions from cattle excreta and legume residues are lower than those from N-fertilized brachiaria grass monocultures. Other studies indicate that enteric methane emissions from cattle may be mitigated when forage legumes are included in their diet. The use of forage legumes in mixed pastures for tropical regions is emerging as a feasible strategy to keep meat and milk production at acceptable levels with reduced greenhouse gas emission rates.     

Role of basidiomycete fungi in the grapevine trunk disease esca

Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and wood-rotting basidiomycete fungi, namely Fomitiporia spp., are known esca pathogens. However, the effect of their mixed infections and the sequence of infection on disease development is unclear. To determine the effects of single and co-inoculations on symptoms, potted Vitis vinifera ‘Crimson Seedless’ was inoculated with P. chlamydospora either alone or in combination with one of four basidiomycetes: Coprinellus radians, Fomitiporia langloisii, F. polymorpha and the novel species Tropicoporus texanus. Basidiomycetes were isolated from vines with foliar symptoms of esca in California and Texas. In sequential co-inoculations, the effects of different sequences of infection (P. chlamydospora first, basidiomycete 6 months later; and vice versa) were tested, compared to simultaneous co-inoculations. Plants inoculated with P. chlamydospora either alone or in combination with a basidiomycete (in any sequence) did not differ significantly in the length of black-streaking lesions. In plants inoculated only with a basidiomycete, the appearance of large brown lesions, coupled with the absence of this wood symptom from control plants, suggests that C. radians, F. langloisii and T. texanus are pathogenic. Foliar symptoms resembling those of esca in the field (marginal and/or interveinal scorching, combined with red and/or yellow discoloration) were statistically more frequent among plants inoculated with F. polymorpha or T. texanus, either simultaneously or following P. chlamydospora, compared to single inoculations. Sequential co-inoculations of a basidiomycete before or after P. chlamydospora were associated with similar lesion lengths, suggesting that basidiomycetes may not require infection by P. chlamydospora in order to extensively colonize the wood.