兴国县红壤颗粒分形及其与环境因子的关系

以土壤颗粒组成数据为基础，运用分形模型，分析了红壤丘陵山区林地土壤颗粒的分形维数。结果表明：84个耕层土壤颗粒的分形维数D为2．568～2．828，其中紫色土2．722，红壤2．700，棕红壤2．693，黄红壤2．670，黄壤2．713。D随土壤质地的变细而增大。从空间分布上看，研究区域的西部和东南部D值较大，而西南部和北部D值较小，D在2．7～2．8的面积最大，为1171km^2，占总面积的47．0％，D在2．8以上的面积最小，为48km。，占总面积的1．9％。土壤分维数和坡向、海拔之间呈显著正相关关系，而与坡度、平面曲率、剖面曲率之间无明显的相关关系。     

泸州植烟土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异及其影响因素

基于泸州180份植烟土壤样品6种微量元素有效态含量数据,采用地统计方法分析了其空间变异特征,并利用相关分析探讨了其与土壤肥力因子和地形因子之间的关系,旨在为泸州烤烟生态适宜区规划和微肥施用提供参考依据。结果表明,研究区土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B及Mo平均含量分别为70.42、46.72、2.33、1.75、0.34和0.17 mg/kg,总体呈现出南高北低、东高西低的空间分布格局。有效B和Mo符合球状模型,其余元素均符合指数模型;6个元素块金值与基台值之比在25%~75%之间,具有中等强度的空间相关性,其空间变异受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响。相关性分析表明,土壤有效态微量元素与全钾之间无相关性,与有机质、氮素、磷素及速效钾总体呈正相关;坡度和坡向与土壤有效态微量元素含量之间无相关性,海拔与有效Mn、Cu及Mo呈显著或极显著的正相关关系。肥力因子对研究区土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异的影响强于地形因子。     

坡面泥石流发生的地貌信息初探——以重庆市北碚区为例

坡面泥石流的发生是地貌信息的综合反映,是地表能量在各种因素影响下的再分配。坡面泥石流堆积物是坡地系统总能量减少的最好证明,堆积物体积的大小与坡面泥石流宽度、坡积物厚度、流域高差、流域狭长度、坡度和沟谷纵比降等地理要素密切相关。本文以北碚区坡面泥石流为例,初步探讨了坡地总能量的减少与各种地貌要素的关系,并通过多元回归的方法求取了坡地总能量减少的回归方程。检验后证明回归系数与0有显著差别,该回归方程有意义。     

Environmental correlates of two macro-decapods distribution in Central Italy: Multi-dimensional ecological knowledge as a tool for conservation of endangered species

Using a multi-dimensional ecological design, this study aimed first to analyse whether local environmental conditions can account for the spatial segregation of two Italian native decapods, the crayfish Austropotamobius italicus and the river crab Potamon fluviatile, in Central Italy freshwater ecosystems. Second, we aimed to analyse which environmental variables were more closely associated with the presence/absence of the two decapods in specific sites within their distribution area. Following a factorial design, a total of 32 sites were selected in two neighbouring geographic areas, one occupied by crayfish and one by crabs. Within each distribution area, eight streams where the decapod was present and eight where it was not present were selected. At each site, macro-invertebrate community composition and 16 abiotic variables were recorded and analysed with multi-variate methods. Variations in physical (minimum and maximum temperatures), chemical (calcium, oxygen, nitrate and nitrite) and geomorphological (substrate composition) parameters explained spatial segregation of P. fluviatile and A. italicus in the study area. The occurrence of crayfish reflected variations of chemistry (such as pH, calcium, nitrate and nitrite concentrations), temperature, water depth and substrate composition. On the contrary, the presence of the river crab, within its occurrence zone, was not associated to any biotic and abiotic parameters and was probably affected by anthropogenic pressure and uncontrolled harvesting. These findings provide fundamental ecological data for the maintenance of the two decapod natural populations as well as for the selection of areas and streams adequate for their reintroduction.     

健全无公害农产品生产保障体系

文章简述了无公害农业生产过程中的主要环节及制约要素,提出建立健全相应的保障体系促进无公害农产品生产发展.     

Historical change of soil Pb content and Pb isotope signatures of the cultural layers in urban Nanjing

Soils in urban areas are often artificially formed and preserved as cultural layers in which soil materials are mixed with artifacts. The vertical change of soil properties denotes the historical change of human activities, and therefore, urban soil can be considered as a record of history of urban development. We studied a deep profile of urban soil (600 cm) in Nanjing, China, by intensively sampling at every 5 cm. Soil samples were analyzed for lead content. Charcoal from several layers was found and was dated using ¹⁴C to recognize archaeological cultural layers that might be formed in different Chinese dynasties. Pb isotope ratios were determined by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) technology. The study found that artificial deposition, i.e., the formation of cultural layer started about 1700 years ago and lasted until recently. All cultural layers above the original loess were heavily contaminated by Pb with total content varying from 100 mg kg^− 1 to more than 2000 mg kg^− 1. There were several historical periods in which Pb content peaked, indicating significant contamination by human activities, such as ancient ore smelting for various purposes and use of Pb-containing materials for handicraft manufacture. Various Pb isotope ratios of the cultural layers differed substantially from that of the original undisturbed loess in the deepest position. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb value decreased gradually from the bottom layer to top layer, although with occasional exceptions, indicating a long-lasting mixing of extraneous sources of Pb during the entire history since ca. 300 A.D. In comparison with the isotope ratios of lead ores of different sources and that of aerosols, it was illustrated that the source of Pb in cultural layers might come from lead ores of southern China in the earlier dynasties, while Pb from north China might have contributed to the Pb source in the more recent years, suggested by the lowering of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio in the near-surface cultural layers. However, the impact of petrol burning on cultural layers was basically excluded, considering the relatively short history of petroleum use in this area.     

Methods for evaluating human impact on soil microorganisms based on their activity,biomass, and diversity in agricultural soils

The present review is focused on microbiological methods used in agricultural soils accustomed to human disturbance. Recent developments in soil biology are analyzed with the aim of highlighting gaps in knowledge, unsolved research questions, and controversial results. Activity rates (basal respiration, N mineralization) and biomass are used as overall indices for assessing microbial functions in soil and can be supplemented by biomass ratios (C : N, C : P, and C : S) and eco‐physiological ratios (soil organic C : microbial‐biomass C, qCO₂, qN_min). The community structure can be characterized by functional groups of the soil microbial biomass such as fungi and bacteria, Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria, or by biotic diversity. Methodological aspects of soil microbial indices are assessed, such as sampling, pretreatment of samples, and conversion factors of data into biomass values. Microbial‐biomass C (µg (g soil)^–1) can be estimated by multiplying total PLFA (nmol (g soil)^–1) by the F_PLFA‐factor of 5.8 and DNA (µg (g soil)^–1) by the F_DNA‐factor of 6.0. In addition, the turnover of the soil microbial biomass is appreciated as a key process for maintaining nutrient cycles in soil. Examples are briefly presented that show the direction of human impact on soil microorganisms by the methods evaluated. These examples are taken from research on organic farming, reduced tillage, de‐intensification of land‐use management, degradation of peatland, slurry application, salinization, heavy‐metal contamination, lignite deposition, pesticide application, antibiotics, TNT, and genetically modified plants.     

气候生态因素对烤烟产量与品质的影响及植烟措施研究

江西省烤烟产量与烟碱含量赣南优于赣中和赣北 ,赣南平均产量为 192 0 .0kg/hm2 ,赣中为 1698.0kg/hm2 ,赣北为 170 5.5kg/hm2 ;平均烟碱含量赣南为 2 2 .7g/kg ,赣中为 18.2 g/kg ,赣北为 13 .5g/kg。简析了该省烤烟各生育期气候条件对其产量和品质的影响 ,确定烤烟各生育阶段对光、温、水要求的主次 ,并提出植烟栽培措施。     

Effect of seeders and tillage equipment on vertical distribution of oilseed rape stubble

When the spreading of a disease depends on the proportion of infected residues remaining at soil surface it is of crucial importance to analyse the effects of tillage practices on the vertical distribution of stubble. This is the case with phoma stem canker (blackleg), whose epidemics are initiated in autumn, by air-borne ascospores released from stubble located at the soil surface. We compared initial vertical distribution of oilseed rape residues to those observed after sowing and various tillage operations (rotary harrowing, stubble disking, chiselling and mouldboard ploughing). Almost 20% of the initially buried residue was brought back to soil surface with seeding. Rotary harrow brought 40% of the residue buried in the 0–10 cm layer up to the surface and left unburied about 70% of surface residue. Stubble disking appeared to be more efficient for residue burial than chiselling. Mouldboard plough was the only tool that buried all residues. A simple model was developed that predicted burial and return to the soil surface of potentially infected residues as a function of tillage practices used after harvest. Simulation of different tillage sequences showed that the order in which tools were used also affected location of residues. Our results highlighted the importance of tillage in the cultural control of phoma stem canker and will contribute to the definition of integrated pest management strategies for oilseed rape.