Developments in soil microbiology since the mid 1960s

Since the 1960s, soil microbiology underwent major changes in methods and approaches and this review focuses on the developments in some selected aspects of soil microbiology. Research in cell numbers of specific bacterial and fungal groups was replaced by a focus on biochemical processes including soil enzyme activities, and flux measurements of carbon and nutrients. Ecologists focused on soil microbial pools whereas soil microbial biomass as an important source and sink of nutrients were recognized in agriculture. Soil microbiologists started to use structural components like phospholipid fatty acids for quantification of specific microbial groups without the need to cultivate them. In the last decade, molecular approaches allowed new insights through the analysis of soil extract DNA showing an unexpected diversity of genomes in soil. At the end of the review a brief outlook is given on the future of soil microbiology which ranges from in situ identification of bacteria, to routine assays of microbial communities by microarray technology.     

山地次生林沼泽山雀的繁殖生态

2003年3月到7月,采用野外观察法对吉林左家自然保护区次生林中沼泽山雀(Parus palustris)的繁殖生态进行了研究,结果表明:沼泽山雀在该区域为留鸟,营巢期在4月上、中旬,产卵期在4月中、下旬,孵化期为13~14d;孵化率为89.47%;窝卵数为7~10枚,平均8枚(n=5)。雏鸟体质量增长符合Logistic规律,增长率为0.41,渐近线为13.25g。同时,给出了次生林中繁殖的沼泽山雀的主要生长参数曲线及巢位特征。     

基于GIS的区域生态连接度评价方法及应用

快速城市化过程使区域生态用地日益破碎,导致生物多样性不断降低,威胁土地生态安全。对快速城市化地区土地利用及规划进行生态连接度评价,并为土地管理提供决策支持,成为保障区域土地生态安全的必然选择。该文利用第二次全国土地调查数据及土地利用总体规划数据,在生态功能区识别的基础上,采用生态连接度指数对曹妃甸新区土地利用现状和规划情景进行生态连接度评价,评价土地利用对区域土地生态功能联系的影响并提出改善建议。结果表明:曹妃甸新区中等以上生态连接区域仅占曹妃甸新区的56.45%,且呈明显破碎化和孤岛化分布;在7 714.71 hm2规划新增城市用地中有2 027.25 hm2对区域生态连接度影响显著,这些区域应进行生态功能保护和提升。加强对区域重要生态用地的保护、利用现存生态资源对景观进行生态重建、强化建成区内部绿地网络建设是提高曹妃甸新区生态连接度水平的有效途径。研究成果对区域生态保护和建设工作具有重要参考价值。     

草地遥感估产的原理与方法

在介绍草地遥感估产的原理和方法的基础上,分析了单纯的遥感模型、遥感模型与地学模型相结合等不同估产方法及草地面积动态监测的特点和存在问题,并对草地遥感估产方法发展趋势做了总结。随着遥感技术的发展,草地遥感估产技术和方法也将继续发展,基于遥感数据和方法的草地估产模型更加趋于成熟,其应用也将向草原生态系统、草地退化监测、草地植被生长监测等领域扩展。     

基于生态系统服务价值和生态安全格局的土地利用格局模拟

河北省沿海经济的快速发展导致滨海土地利用格局快速转变,威胁土地生态安全。针对性核算区域生态系统服务价值,探寻生态安全格局进而优化土地利用格局可为土地利用规划与整治提供决策支持,是保障区域生态安全的必然选择。该文以河北省黄骅市为研究区,利用遥感、气象数据和外业调查数据,采用植被净第一生产力核算生态系统服务价值,借助该价值构建生态安全格局,以生态安全格局为影响因素利用元胞自动机和马尔科夫模型进行不同情境土地利用格局模拟。结果表明:2011年单位面积生态系统服务价值湿地最大,为14.95元/(m2·a),建设用地最小,为2.44元/(m2·a);养分循环功能贡献率最大,为26.89%,净化环境功能贡献率最小,为0.22%;研究区分为生态核心保护区、生态缓冲区、生态恢复区和人类活动核心区,生态核心保护区面积最小,为168.58 km2,生态缓冲区面积最大,为1 400.33 km2;无生态保护情景与生态安全格局保护情景相比较,生态系统服务价值由94.11亿元上升到95.70亿元,生态核心保护区在生态安全格局保护情景下得到完全保护,新增建设用地为0。该研究方法和结果可为区域土地利用总体规划、城市规划和生态环境保护提供技术支撑和决策参考。     

几个主要因子对水葫芦链格孢生长和侵染力的影响

测试引起水葫芦黑斑病的生防真菌水葫芦链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima)的主要生物学特性(培养基、温度、pH值对菌落生长以及光照对产孢量的影响)和影响该菌株侵染力的3个主要因子(接种温度、光照、保湿时间),以期为该菌的大量发酵和真菌除草剂的研制奠定基础.试验结果表明,培养基、温度和酸碱度是影响该菌生长的...     

浅析完善中国森林生态效益补偿制度

随着地球人口的增加和人类活动的加剧,保护森林资源已经提上了各国的议事日程。而对于我国这样的一个贫林国家,森林资源的保护问题与森林生态效益的补偿就显得愈加迫切与重要。文章针对我国现有的森林生态效益补偿制度的沿革、存在的问题进行了分析,并提出我国森林生态效益补偿制度需进一步完善或创新。     

京郊北藏乡防护林景观生态评价

根据防护林学和景观生态学的原理 ,将野外调查与地理信息系统RegionManagerV4 .0和遥感等技术相结合 ,从林带和林网两个尺度对北京市大兴县北藏乡防护林体系的布局和结构的合理性 ,进行分析和评价 .作者认为 :该乡主林带防护能力不足 ,副林带过宽 ;组成林带的物种类型单一 ;整个景观结构与布局不够合理 .经过分析论证 ,对该区防护林的经营管理方向提出了建议 :应适当增加主林带的宽度 ,减少副林带的宽度 ,重视混交林的营造 ,中间乔木树种两侧辅以灌木的乔灌混交形式较适合 ,林带透光疏透度应保持在 0 .3～ 0 .4 ,闭合林网数应达到 1 3个 km2 .     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

Application of body size spectra to nematode trait-index analyses

Current trait-based indices of soil fauna for assessing soil quality rely on extensive knowledge of life history traits for hyper-diverse groups. We look at the effects of clear-cut forest harvesting and subsequent wood ash application on the free-living nematode community using trait-based indices and body size spectra. We test the hypothesis that body size is a unifying trait and that the body size spectra can be used to demonstrate changes in soil quality while overcoming taxonomic impediments. Undisturbed boreal forest floor soils were compared with clear-cut sites amended with zero, one-half calcium equivalent wood ash, equivalent calcium reintroduction, and twice calcium reintroduction. Total abundance, trait-based metrics for the Maturity Index, and two metrics of body size spectra were calculated. Nematode abundance was not a good indicator of soil disturbance, while traditional trait-based approaches (the summed Maturity Index) demonstrated predicted changes in community structure. Analysis of two types of body size spectra elucidated how the community had changed under disturbance, and revealed that smaller bodied organisms were lost under ash amended treatments compared to both clear-cut and undisturbed forest. Using the body size spectra for nematodes is a simple addition to current trait-based approaches that can supplement soil assessments for disturbance and quality without requiring taxonomic expertise.