扬啤2号大麦新品种的选育

扬啤 2号 2 0 0 2年通过江苏省审定 ,系采用辐射诱发早熟突变选育而成的春性二棱啤酒大麦新品种 ,产量水平一般 675 0kg hm2 左右 ,熟期早 ,农艺性状好 ,抗逆性强 ,品质优 ,适宜在江苏范围内种植。     

湿害胁迫下大麦生长抑制和产量损失的基因型差异

在分蘖期对15份大麦基因型进行12 d 的渍水处理,研究渍水条件下生长抑制和产量损失的基因型差异.结果表明,黄化指数(LCI)虽然不能完全反映所有基因型的产量损失程度,但作为耐湿性的一个指标对大多数基因型是可靠的.在渍水期间和撤水后,大部分大麦基因型新长的叶长和叶宽下降,但93-3143变化不大;渍水处理与对照相比,株高和干重平均降低29.2%和54.4%,基因型间差异显著,Franklin的降幅最大.渍水下导致籽粒产量显著下降,产量构成因子中以穗数下降最为明显,其次是每穗粒数,粒重变化较小,而穗数减少主要是分蘖及其成穗数下降的结果.渍水对产量影响的基因型差异很大,地方品种永嘉红六棱减产最小,两个澳大利亚主栽品种Franklin和Gairdner减产最为严重.产量构成因子对产量的直接通径系数大小依次为:穗数、粒数和粒重,穗数经粒数对产量的影响很小,经粒重的间接通径系数较大且为正值;粒数经穗数对产量的影响亦较小,经粒重的间接通径系数较大且为负值;粒重经穗数和粒数对产量的影响均较大,但作用方向不同.     

河南省耕地动态变化及驱动力研究

根据50余年来的长序列统计资料,对河南省耕地动态变化进行了研究,结果表明:1949~2003年河南省耕地总量大致经历了2个增长期和1个减少期,人均耕地基本上呈逐年减少趋势;借助GIS分析了河南省耕地的空间变化规律,东部和中西部具有明显的区域差异,位于东部地区的区域相对变化率较大,中西部区域相对变化率较小。并通过主成分分析,揭示出人口增长、经济发展和农业科技进步是影响耕地变化的三大驱动因素。研究结果和分析结论对河南省农业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Role of Phosphatases,Iron Reducing,and Solubilizing Activity on the Nutrient Acquisition in Mixed Cropped Peanut and Barley

The effect of interspecific complementary and competitive root interactions and rhizosphere effects on primarily phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) but also nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) nutrition between mixed cropped peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In order to provide more physiological evidence on the mechanisms of interspecific facilitation, phosphatase activities in plant and rhizosphere, root ferric reducing capacity (FR), Fe-solubilizing activity (Fe-SA), and rhizosphere pH were determined. The results of the experiment revealed that biomass yield of peanut and barley was decreased by associated plant species as compared to their monoculture. Rhizosphere chemistry was strongly and differentially modified by the roots of peanut and barley and their mixed culture. In the mixed cropping of peanut/barley, intracellular alkaline and acid phosphatases (AlPase and APase), root secreted acid phosphatases (S-APase), acid phosphatases activity in rhizosphere (RS-APase), and bulk soil (BS-APase) were higher than that of monocultured barley. Regardless of plant species and cropping system, the rhizosphere pH was acidified and concomitantly to this available P and Fe concentrations in the rhizosphere were also increased. The secretion Fe-solubilizing activity (Fe-SA) and ferric reducing (FR) capacity of the roots were generally higher in mixed culture relative to that in monoculture treatments which may improve Fe and Zn nutrition of peanut. Furthermore, mixed cropping improved N and K nutrition of peanut plants, while Ca nutrition was negatively affected by mixed cropping.     

大麦生育期部分双列杂交分析

以50个大麦品种(系)为试材,用 kempthorne 部分双列杂交法分析各生育期性状和单株产量。结果表明广义遗传力由大到小是成熟期、灌浆期、孕穗期、出苗期、抽穗期、单株产量。各品种(系)间的5个生育期和单株产量性状的一般配合力差异显著。     

Characterization of Barley Leaf Tolerance to Drought Stress by Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies

Two kinds of barley genotypes with various water‐stress tolerances, tolerant Cam/B1 and sensitive Maresi, were subjected to 10‐day soil‐drought stress in seedling and flag leaf developmental phases. After this time, both genotypes regardless of the growth stage showed a decrease in quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Φ_PSII) upon stress treatment; however, this effect was stronger in the sensitive plants than in the tolerant ones. The drought stress in the flag leaf stage was associated with an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in both genotypes, whereas in seedlings, this effect was observed only for Maresi. The activity of other enzymes (catalase and peroxidase) was changed only in small degree. An increase in proline levels and activities of Δ¹‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and ornithine delta‐aminotransferase (OAT) were observed independently of genotype and the phase of plant development, whereas the activity pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) decreased in tolerant genotype. Moreover, changes in the concentration of monocarbohydrates (glucose and fructose) and dicarbohydrates (saccharose, raffinose and maltose) were found: in seedlings, the amount of all soluble sugars increased, while in flag leaves decreased. The drought treatment resulted in a drop in starch level in the tolerant genotype, but in the sensitive one, the content of this substance increased in both developmental stages. EPR studies allowed the determination of the amount and character of organic radicals present in leaves. In control conditions, the content of these radical species was higher in the sensitive genotype than in tolerant one and decreased upon water stress, with the exception of flag leaves of the sensitive plant. Simulation procedure revealed four types of signals in the EPR spectra. One of them was attributed to a chlorophyll a cation and decreased upon drought. The second, ascribed to semiquinone radicals, reflected the redox balance disturbed by water deficit. The two remaining signals were connected with carbon‐centred radicals situated in the carbohydrate matrix. Their number was correlated with starch concentration.     

草地贪夜蛾在云南元谋县青稞、燕麦、糜子田的发生为害特征

2019年10月31日我们在楚雄州元谋县(25.899°N,101.791°E)青稞、燕麦、糜子和小麦田发现草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith),发生严重。田间调查表明:青稞、燕麦、糜子和小麦的受害株(丛)率分别为90.63%、31.64%、100%和86.84%,有虫株(丛)率分别为24.65%、17.19%、12.20%和27.19%,百株虫量分别为28.13、23.05、12头和42.98头。同时,发现草地贪夜蛾在青稞、燕麦、糜子上的为害特征与在玉米上的特征不同,表现为低龄幼虫食叶蛀心,高龄幼虫切根断蘖(穗)。与在小麦上的为害特征相似:1~2龄幼虫分布于叶片和心叶上;3~4龄幼虫向下移动至中部叶片、叶鞘和近地表面的分蘖着生处;4~6龄幼虫多数躲避在麦丛基部和表土下1 cm根茎连接处和缝隙中,与地下害虫的为害特征相似,不易发现,应引起重视。     

Embryo development in two barley genotypes after self pollination and pollination with Hordeum bulbosum L.

Summary Embryo development in vivo was compared in the two barley genotypes VK 16032 and Vogelsanger Gold after self pollination and after pollination with H. bulbosum. Embryo growth in VK 16032 after crossing with H. bulbosum showed a similar growth pattern to that of the self pollinated embryos, although the size increase was smaller. The hybrid embryos continued to grow until day 18 after pollination. The embryos from the cross between Vogelsanger Gold and H. bulbosum ceased to grow 8 days after pollination. Arrested embryo growth with subsequent abortion in Vogelsanger Gold was associated with a very early depletion and break down of the endosperm. Use of barley genotypes less sensitive to the genomic disturbances after crossing with H. bulbosum in combination with genotypes like Vogelsanger Gold is recommended in haploid breeding work.     

旗叶对啤酒大麦干物质及品质的影响

为了探讨旗叶对啤酒大麦干物质和品质影响,对‘甘啤4号’在抽穗期进行剪除旗叶处理,分析旗叶对啤酒大麦穗、茎、叶片、叶鞘、穗、穗粒质量等干物质及籽粒品质的影响。结果表明,抽穗期剪掉旗叶对啤酒大麦穗、茎、叶片、叶鞘、穗粒质量等均较对照有明显的降低,其中对叶片干质量降幅最大达23.2%,其次为茎秆干质量和穗粒质量,降幅为7.9%和7.2%,叶鞘质量降幅为6.1%,对穗粒数影响最小降幅为0.7%;原麦品质,剪掉旗叶后啤酒大麦籽粒蛋白质质量分数、千粒质量、筛选率较对照明显降低,瘦秕率明升高,淀粉质量分数无明显变化;麦芽品质,剪掉旗叶对啤酒大麦麦芽品质有明显影响,麦芽粘度、粗细粉差增大,β-葡聚糖质量分数较对照升高,麦芽糖化时间、糖化力、微粉浸出率、粗粉浸出率、α-氨基氮、可溶性氮、库值均较对照降低,对麦芽色度和蛋白质质量分数无影响。旗叶对啤酒大麦穗、茎、叶片、叶鞘、穗、穗粒质量等干物质质量及籽粒品质形成具有重要的影响,在选育高产、优质品种的过程中应注意选择旗叶衰老较慢的品种;从高产栽培角度看,在啤酒大麦抽穗后,要保护好旗叶生长,延长旗叶功能期,以促进啤酒大麦籽粒结实,进而提高产量和改善其品质。