Temporal variability in water quality of agricultural tailwaters: Implications for water quality monitoring

Accurate assessments of non-point source pollution and the associated evaluation of mitigation strategies depend on effective water quality monitoring programs. Intensive irrigation season water quality monitoring was conducted on three agricultural drains (6 h to daily sampling) along with analysis of decade long records from two larger agricultural drains (biweekly to monthly sampling) in the San Joaquin Valley, California. Analyses revealed significant temporal variability in concentrations of nutrients, salts, and turbidity over short time-scales (<1 day), as well as significant differences in monthly and annual mean concentrations. Statistical techniques were used to evaluate the sampling intensity required to meet rigorous confidence and accuracy criteria, as well as to evaluate the efficacy of different sampling strategies (e.g. grab samples versus composite samples). The number of samples required to determine mean constituent concentrations within 20% of the mean at a 95% confidence level ranged from 2 to 39 samples per month (SPM) for total phosphorus, 1-16 SPM for total nitrogen, 5-25 SPM for turbidity, and 1-3 SPM for electrical conductivity. Using a daily composite sample (4 subsamples per composite) instead of discrete samples was shown to maintain the same accuracy and confidence standards, while reducing the required sample number by up to 50%. This study emphasizes the value of a statistical approach for evaluating water quality monitoring strategies, and provides a framework through which cost-benefit analysis can be implemented in the development of monitoring plans.     

滴灌条件下土壤水盐运移特性的研究

在国内外研究成果的基础上 ,综述了滴灌点源入渗影响因素、入渗模型特性、水分分布特征、湿润体浸润形状、湿润锋运移、盐分运移的规律 ,为滴灌点源水盐运移的研究提供依据     

北运河流域非点源氮磷污染模拟分析及灌溉模式优化

为了减轻北运河流域农田灌溉引起的非点源污染,探索良性农田管理模式,选取北运河流域武清区为研究对象,采用改进的SWAT模型模拟不同灌溉方案下武清区地表径流非点源氮磷污染。结果表明：同一灌溉定额下,随着污灌次数的增加,流域水体内氮磷负荷总量呈先降后升的趋势;在所制定的灌溉情景中,冬小麦越冬、拔节期和夏玉米抽雄期进行污灌,其...     

Phosphorus dynamics in tile-drain flow during storms in the US Midwest

Excess phosphorus (P) in freshwater systems has been associated with eutrophication in agro-ecosystems of the US Midwest and elsewhere. A better understanding of processes regulating both soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) exports to tile-drains is therefore critical to minimize P losses to streams while maintaining crop yield. This paper investigates SRP and TP dynamics at a high temporal resolution during four spring storms in two tile-drains in the US Midwest. Depending on the storm, median concentrations varied between 0.006-0.025 mg/L for SRP and 0.057-0.176 mg/L for TP. For large storms (>6 cm bulk precipitation), for which macropore flow represented between 43 and 50% of total tile-drain flow, SRP transport to tile-drains was primarily regulated by macropore flow. For smaller tile-flow generating events (<3 cm bulk precipitation), for which macropore flow only accounted for 11-17% of total tile-drain flow, SRP transport was primarily regulated by matrix flow. Total P transport to tile-drains was primarily regulated by macropore flow regardless of the storm. Soluble reactive P (0.01-1.83 mg m⁻²/storm) and TP (0.10-8.64 mg m⁻²/storm) export rates were extremely variable and positively significantly correlated to both mean discharge and bulk precipitation. Soluble reactive P accounted for 9.9-15.5% of TP fluxes for small tile-flow generating events (<3 cm bulk precipitation) and for 16.2-22.0% of TP fluxes for large precipitation events (>6 cm bulk precipitation). Although significant variations in tile-flow response to precipitation were observed, no significant differences in SRP and TP concentrations were observed between adjacent tile-drains. Results stress the dominance of particulate P and the importance of macropore flow in P transport to tile-drains in the US Midwest. Although only spring storms are investigated, this study brings critical insight into P dynamics in tile-drains at a critical time of the year for water quality management.     

汽车风噪声产生机理研究

阐述了车辆风噪声的重要性,并对风噪声进行了分类和总结,对各项风噪声的产生机理进行了分析和探讨,找出了风噪声的主要来源,为细化汽车设计和试验分析提供了重要的理论基础。     

串联式混合动力系统功率合成规律的理论与试验研究

针对串联式混合动力系统中两种动力源——发电机组和蓄电池组在进行功率合成时存在电压合成范围窄、合成效果不理想的问题,搭建了串联式混合动力系统理论模型,推导出了两种动力源功率合成的规律公式,得到了功率合成的规律,并在串联式混合动力试验台上进行了台架试验,验证了其正确性。     

VSC-HVDC输电系统的特点与应用

轻型直流输电系统是基于VSC技术的新型直流输电技术。介绍轻型直流输电基本原理,对比轻型直流输电技术与传统直流输电技术在结构和功能方面的区别,阐述轻型直流输电的优点,并对其应用进行总结和展望,以期为轻型直流输电技术在我国的应用和发展提供一定参考。     

围封沙化草地"种子岛"效应研究

在浑善达克沙地南缘,以围封7年的沙化草地以及围栏外周围不同地段作为研究对象,通过对比分析围栏外不同地段,草地群落特征及土壤根系含量,并以围栏内草地作对照,对围封沙化草地的“种子岛”效应进行了尝试性研究。结果表明:围封沙化草地有显著的“种子岛”效应,且这一效应约在围栏500 m外逐渐消失。另外,这一效应还显示出,围封沙化草地具有以围栏为中心,成辐射状促进周边草地植被恢复的作用。     

Effects of Green Manures and Zinc Fertilizer Sources on DTPA-Extractable Zinc in Soil and Zinc Content in Basmati Rice Plants at Different Growth Stages

Rice is very sensitive to low zinc(Zn) supply in submerged paddy soils and Zn deficiency is one of the major limiting factors in determining rice production in India. A field experiment was conducted during the summer-rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010 at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to determine the effects of summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers on diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(DTPA)-extractable(available) Zn concentration in soil and total Zn content in Basmati rice cultivar Pusa Basmati 1 at periodic intervals. Summer green manure crops included Sesbania aculeata(Dhaincha),Crotalaria juncea(Sunhemp), and Vigna unguiculata(Cowpea) and the Zn fertilizers used were ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA)-chelated Zn, ZnSO_4·7H_2O, ZnSO_4·H_2O, ZnO, and ZnSO_4·7H_2O + ZnO. Beneficial effects of summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers on DTPA-extractable Zn concentration in soil and total Zn content in dry matter of Basmati rice at periodic intervals were observed, with significant increases in all the determined parameters, in comparison with those in the control(no Zn application or summer fallow). The rate of increase varied among summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers during both years. Among the summer green manures, incorporation of S. aculeata led to a significant increase in mean Zn content in Basmati rice grain and straw when compared with C. juncea, V. unguiculata, and summer fallow treatments. Among the Zn fertilizers, significant increases in Zn content in Basmati rice dry matter and DTPA-extractable Zn concentration in soil during various growth stages of the plant were recorded with EDTA-chelated Zn application, followed by the application of ZnSO_4·7H_2O, ZnSO_4·H_2O, ZnSO_4·7H_2O + ZnO, ZnO,and no Zn. The highest mean Zn content in Basmati rice grain and straw was recorded with EDTA-chelated Zn application in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The application of ZnSO_4·7H_2O was the second best treatment after EDTA-chelated Zn; however, it was statistically inferior to EDTA-chelated Zn. The lowest values were recorded with the control(no Zn application) during both years of study. The amount of Zn concentration in soil was found to be significantly positively correlated with the Zn content in Basmati rice dry matter during both years. Significantly higher levels of residual fertility in soil after the harvest of Basmati rice were observed with application of EDTA-chelated Zn and incorporation of S. aculeata when compared with those of other Zn sources and summer green manures.     

坡地固氮植物篱在农业面源污染控制方面的作用与营建技术

随着我国人口不断增长和社会经济的持续发展,耕地面积逐步减少,水土流失十分严重。土壤中的养分进入河流、湖泊,引发水体富营养化。为了从源头上控制农业面源污染,必须根据土壤生物热力学原理,以土壤为中心,大力治理坡地。在查阅文献的同时,结合现有的研究成果,发现在坡地营建等高固氮植物篱是一项有效措施,既可以利用生物固氮,减少化肥施用量,维持土壤一定的生产力,又能够防止水土流失,拦截、减缓地表径流,吸收土壤中的养分;氮、磷在岸边植被带的截留率分别为89％和80％,还可以带来一些经济收益。在此基础上,提出了坡地固氮植物篱的若干关键营建技术及应注意加强抚育管理,防治病虫害。