洗脱处理对生物质炭吸附铜离子行为的影响

常用生物质炭制备方法会产生焦油、醋液和无机盐等热解副产物,这些物质附着在生物质炭表面,会影响对其性质和应用的研究。以四种溶剂(水、稀酸溶液、稀碱溶液、无水乙醇)作为洗脱剂,对生物质炭进行浸泡处理,比较洗脱前后的性质;用洗脱后的生物质炭吸附铜离子,探讨不同洗脱处理是否会对生物质炭吸附重金属离子的能力产生影响;分析不同洗脱处理得到上清液的成分,探讨洗脱处理去除的热解副产物组成;比较洗脱前后生物质炭的漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱,分析洗脱处理对其表面官能团的影响。结果表明,四种洗脱处理均能不同程度地去除生物质炭表面附着的热解副产物,为使洗脱处理对生物质炭性质的影响较小,据此建议以醇-水处理和水洗处理作为生物质炭吸附铜离子研究的前处理方法。     

3种作物对添加外源性Cu、Zn的土壤中Cu、Zn的富集与转运

以Cu、Zn为研究对象,分别在土壤中添加猪粪10 g·kg-1、猪粪10 g·kg-1+Cu 63 mg·kg-1+Zn 54 mg·kg-1、猪粪10 g·kg-1+Cu126 mg·kg-1+Zn 108 mg·kg-1,同时设置不添加猪粪和外源性Cu、Zn的对照处理组,通过盆栽试验研究了施用猪粪和外源性Cu、Zn后土壤中Cu、Zn在大蒜、白菜和玉米体内的富集和转运特征。结果表明,只添加猪粪能显著提高作物生物量,而添加猪粪+高剂量的Cu+Zn可抑制作物生长。其中不同作物的抑制强度表现为白菜大蒜玉米,同种作物的抑制强度表现为根部茎叶部。3种作物对Zn的积累显著高于Cu,其中大蒜对Cu的累积主要分布在茎叶部,对Zn的积累主要分布在根部,而白菜和玉米对Cu的积累主要分布在根部,对Zn的积累主要分布在茎叶部。在添加猪粪+Cu+Zn处理的3种作物中,Cu浓度均低于国家的食品限量卫生标准,而白菜和玉米中Zn浓度均高于国家的食品限量卫生标准,在添加猪粪+低剂量的Cu、Zn处理的大蒜中,Zn浓度低于国家食品的限量卫生标准。土壤中Cu、Zn全量和有效态含量与大蒜、白菜和玉米的茎叶和根部Cu、Zn含量具有显著的相关性(P0.01),因此,可用土壤中Cu、Zn全量或有效态含量表征植物各部分吸收Cu、Zn的效果。3种作物对Zn的富集系数和转运系数均大于Cu。其中对Cu的富集系数表现为大蒜白菜玉米,对Zn的富集系数表现为白菜玉米大蒜。3种作物只添加猪粪处理对Cu、Zn的富集系数均略有上升,而添加猪粪+Cu+Zn处理的富集系数随Cu、Zn添加浓度的提高而下降,白菜和玉米对Cu、Zn的转运系数均下降,大蒜对Cu的转运系数上升,对Zn的转运系数下降。添加猪粪和高剂量外源性Cu、Zn可显著抑制作物生长,作物对Cu的积累显著低于Zn,对Zn的富集系数和转运系数均大于Cu;作物各部分对Cu、Zn的吸收效果可用土壤中Cu、Zn全量或有效态含量来表征。     

Microbiological rates and enzyme activities as indicators of functionality in soils affected by the Aznalcóllar toxic spill

This study focused on the potential of using soil enzyme activities and general microbiological rates (respiration, N-mineralisation, nitrification) to evaluate the quality of soils affected by a pyrite mud spill which contained high concentrations of heavy metals. The quality of soils after restoration was estimated by comparing enzyme activities and general microbiological rates in three different types of experimental field plots: (i) non-polluted, (ii) polluted but restored, and (iii) polluted but un-restored soils. Non-polluted soils showed the highest levels of enzyme activity. Significant differences were detected for acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase and urease activities between all types of plots. However, arylsulfatase and alkaline phosphatase activities showed no significant differences between the restored plots and polluted but un-restored plots. Geometric mean statistics were used as an index of soil quality in terms of overall: (i) bioavailable heavy metal concentrations, (ii) assayed enzyme activities, and (iii) general microbiological rates, in order to compare plots differing in the degree of pyritic mud pollution. The results indicate that it is important to consider these three criteria in to estimate the soil quality of heavy-metal contaminated soils. Typically, enzyme activities were negatively correlated with bioavailable Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations, but positively with soil pH values. In contrast, pH values were negatively correlated with bioavailable concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn. It is unclear if the generalised lower enzyme activities found in restored soils, compared to non-polluted soils, is promoted by pH or bioavailable heavy metals concentrations, or a combination of both.     

丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus caledonium)对铜污染土壤生物修复机理初探

利用盆栽试验,研究了丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus.caledonium)在不同程度铜污染土壤上对玉米苗期生长的影响。结果表明,即使在土壤施铜量达150mg/kg时,菌根真菌对玉米仍有近55%的侵染率;接种菌根真菌,能显著促进玉米根系的生长。菌根玉米的根系生物量和根系长度,平均较未接种处理分别提高108.4%和58.8%;接种处理的植株地上部生物量达到每盆(3株)10.58g,显著高于不施铜的非菌根玉米。这些结果表明,丛枝菌根真菌对铜污染具有较好的抗性;并且由于菌根的形成,使宿主植物明显地改善了对磷的吸收和运输,并能通过抑制土壤酸化、降低土壤可溶态铜的浓度等机制,增强宿主植物对铜污染的抗(耐)性。在150mg/kg施铜水平时,与非菌根玉米相比,菌根玉米地上部和根系铜浓度分别降低24.3%和24.1%,吸铜量分别提高了28.2%和60.0%,表明菌根植物对铜污染土壤具有一定的生物修复作用。     

Long-term effects of metal-containing farmyard manure and sewage sludge on soil organic matter in a fluvisol

Our aim was to establish the long-term effects of repeated applications after 20 y of organic amendments (farmyard manure at 10 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹, and urban sewage sludge at two different rates, 10 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ and 100 t ha⁻¹ every 2 y) on the quality of a sandy and poorly buffered soil (Fluvisol, pH 6). Chemical characteristics and biodegradability of the labile organic matter, which is mainly derived from microbial biomass and biodegradation products of organic residues, were chosen as indicators for soil quality. The organic C content had reached a maximal value (30.6 g C kg⁻¹ in the 100 t sludge-treated soil), i.e. about 2.5 times that in the control. Six years after the last application, the organic C content and the microbial biomass content remained higher in sludge-treated soils than in the control. In contrast, the proportion of labile organic matter was significantly lower in sludge-treated soils than in manure-treated and control soils. The labile organic matter of sludge extracts appeared less humified than that of manure-treated and control soils.     

不同桉树人工林Cu元素积累和循环的比较研究

通过对海南刚果12桉、尾叶桉、窿缘桉3种桉树Cu元素的积累、循环进行比较研究。结果表明,刚果12桉、尾叶桉、窿缘桉3种桉树Cu元素平均含量为4.61,3.45,4.36 m g/kg;林分积累量为0.350 3,0.397 6,0.1167kg/hm2。年存留量尾叶桉>刚果12桉>窿缘桉;年归还量刚果12桉>尾叶桉>窿缘桉;刚果12桉、尾叶桉年吸收量分别是窿缘桉的2.7,2.6倍;刚果12桉、窿缘桉、尾叶桉循环系数分别为0.66,0.63,0.53。两种林分特征下尾叶桉Cu元素的含量存在差异,林下有植被的林分和林下无植被的林分Cu元素含量分别为17.15,13.48 m g/kg,林分积累量为0.534 4,0.336 8 kg/hm2。林下有植被的林分和无林下植被的林分Cu元素年存留量分别为0.106 8,0.067 3 kg/(hm2.a);年归还量为0.247 4,0.160 0 kg/(hm2.a);年吸收量分别为0.354 2,0.227 3 kg/(hm2.a);循环系数分别为0.70和0.71。     

水溶性有机碳对玉米根部Cu吸收过程的影响

采用水培试验方法，将玉米根部环境设定一系列不同的Cu和水溶性有机物(Dissolved organic matter，DOM)浓度条件，研究Cu在玉米根部的吸附和在玉米植株中的积累变化，同时以水和MSCh二级提取方法探讨Cu在玉米根部的结合状态。结果表明，附着在玉米根表与根际分泌物结合的Cu很容易受水相DOM存在的影响。与根部吸附位结合的Cu则不易被水相DOM竞争。植物根对Cu的富集浓度超过茎叶，两部分富集量均随暴露溶液Cu浓度的增加而增加，但茎叶中Cu的富集量与暴露Cu浓度呈非线性相关。根内富集Cu与根表吸附位结合Cu呈现良好的对数线性相关。在相同Cu暴露浓度条件下，DOM对植物组织中富集Cu量影响更加不显著。试验发现作为一种有机配位体，DOM暴露浓度较高时对Cu由根表吸附位进入玉米内部这一过程有负作用。     

外源水杨酸介导Cu2+对蚕豆气孔运动的调控研究

采用表皮条生物分析法,研究了不同浓度的Cu2+、水杨酸以及它们共同处理时对蚕豆叶片气孔运动的影响.结果表明,低浓度的铜离子对气孔开放有明显的促进作用;高浓度的铜离子促进气孔关闭,且呈现时间效应;不同浓度(0.01、0.1、1 mmol/L)的外源水杨酸单独处理时显著抑制蚕豆表皮气孔开放,当浓度达到1 mmol/l时,处理2～3 h后,气孔几乎完全关闭;当0.01 mmol/L外源水杨酸加入到含各种浓度铜离子的缓冲液中时,气孔孔径急剧增大,随着水杨酸浓度的增加,缓解作用减弱,表明一定浓度的水杨酸可缓解高浓度铜离子对气孔开放的抑制效应.     

铜对黄瓜种子萌发特性的影响研究

以黄瓜为试材,研究了铜对黄瓜种子萌发特性的影响,结果表明:在Cu2 浓度为25～300 mg/L范围内,低浓度(25 mg/L)处理对黄瓜种子萌发有促进作用,黄瓜种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、主根长、下胚轴长度和粗度、生物量、含水量以及细胞膜稳定性等均高于其他浓度处理和清水对照,但高浓度(50～300 mg/L)处理却对黄瓜种子萌发产生抑制效应.     

金属硫蛋白在动物营养学上的应用

综述了金属硫蛋白(MT)在动物的健康、疾病以及生长性能等方面的重要作用。MT能参与畜禽体内微量元素Cu、Zn等的代谢,可利用MT来评价动物机体Zn的营养状态;MT具有抗应激的作用;MT有重金属解毒作用,在高铜、高锌日粮的促生长机理中发挥重要作用;MT促进动物机体生长发育;此外,MT在Se对动物机体的各种生理作用中发挥重要作用。