聚合物类型降凝剂及其应用

在原油中添加降凝剂，可以降低原油凝点，改善原油低温流动性，以利于实现含蜡原油管常温输送。聚合物类型的降凝剂可分为均聚物和共聚物两类，分别介绍了近几年国内外常用的聚合物类型降凝剂的合成方法、化学结构式和应用情况。     

石油库带掩体油罐防护安全距离的确定

油库安全距离有两个不同的概念，一个是防火安全距离；另一个是防护安全距离。针对如何科学地确定油库防护安全距离这一问题，对炸弹的破坏因素和建筑物的破坏等级进行了分析与划分，从而根据建筑物的重要性和抗冲击波破坏能力，确定其允许破坏的等级，再由投弹的装药量计算出冲击波的设计安全距离。对于带有掩体的油罐，其防护安全距离的确定应根据允许破坏等级、爆炸位置以及有掩体的两油罐间防护安全距离的计算来确定。     

油罐浮顶焊缝断裂原因分析及整治

通过浮顶油罐浮顶焊缝断裂漏油的实例，从油罐设计、施工、检修和油罐运行管理四个方面对浮顶焊缝断裂的原因，作了较详细的分析，同时提出了防止焊缝断裂的整治措施，主要从油罐设计、大修时的补救及油罐的日常运行管理等三个方面进行了探讨。     

Effect of menhaden fish oil supplementation and lipopolysaccharide exposure on nursery pigs. II. Effects on the immune axis when fed simple or complex diets containing no spray-dried plasma

A trial using 64 weanling pigs (TR4×PIC C22) was conducted to determine the effects of menhaden fish oil supplementation and diet complexity on performance and immune response of nursery pigs. Pigs (17 days and 6.27±1.16 kg) were weaned into a segregated early wean facility and given free access to a complex diet for 7 days post-weaning. At day 0 (day 7 post-weaning), pigs were blocked by weight and allotted to 64 pens. Treatments (Trt) were arranged as a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement. Main effects included diet (complex versus simple), oil (menhaden fish (MFO) versus corn (CO)), and immunogen (saline versus lipopolysaccharide (LPS)). Experimental diets contained 6% oil (6% CO or 5% MFO+1% CO) and were fed for 14 days. On day 12, i.v. injections of either LPS (150 μg/kg) or saline were given, followed by blood collection at 30 min intervals for 6 h. After the immune challenge (day 14), pigs were placed onto a common corn-soybean meal fortified diet and growth performance was evaluated until termination of the study (day 28). Pigs were weighed and feed intakes recorded at 7, 14, and 28 days. Prior to immune challenge (day 12), there were differences in BW for pigs fed complex versus simple diets (P<0.01; 13.1 and 12.1 kg, respectively) and pigs fed CO versus MFO diets (P<0.05; 12.9 and 12.3 kg, respectively). During the challenge period, for pigs treated with LPS there was a Time×Immunogen×Oil effect (P<0.001) for serum cortisol with MFO fed pigs having lower serum cortisol as compared to CO fed pigs. Also, during the challenge period, for pigs treated with LPS there was a Time×Diet×Immunogen×Oil effect (P<0.001) for serum tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) with pigs fed complex diets supplemented with CO having higher serum TNF- as compared with pigs fed complex diets supplemented with MFO. At days 14 and 28, LPS-treated pigs had lower BW than saline injected controls (P<0.001 and 0.01, respectively). In addition, pigs fed simplified diets continued to have lower BW after challenge compared to pigs fed a complex diet. Interestingly, there were no differences (P>0.10) in BW after challenge in pigs fed MFO. This study suggests that MFO supplementation alters the immune response during LPS challenge and that simplified diets may compromise nursery performance.     

Ethoxylated rapeseed oil derivatives as novel adjuvants for herbicides

Ethoxylates of rapeseed oil and of methylated rapeseed oil were synthesized and tested as adjuvants for 2,4-D and phenmedipham. Provided they had less than 6 units of ethylene oxide (EO), 1.0 to 10 g litre(-1) ethoxylates in water induced droplet spreading on barley leaves. In an acetone-based medium all derivatives strongly promoted the foliar uptake of 2,4-D, with no clear influence of the ethoxylation degree. In the same medium there was a negative influence of ethoxylate chain length on the foliar uptake of phenmedipham. In a water-based medium, phenmedipham applied with rapeseed oil emulsified with ethoxylated (20 EO) rapeseed oil displayed uptake rates close to a commercial preparation. The same was true for phenmedipham applied with ethoxylated (2 EO) methylated rapeseed oil. In bioassays, phenmedipham prepared with methylated rapeseed oil emulsified with ethoxylated (20 EO) rapeseed oil was as efficacious on barley as a commercial formulation. The same was true for phenmedipham prepared with ethoxylated (2 EO) methylated rapeseed oil. However, neither rapeseed oil nor methylated rapeseed oil emulsified with ethoxylated (2 EO) methylated rapeseed oil conferred good efficacy to phenmedipham. Hence, ethoxylated rapeseed oil derivatives are promising adjuvants or formulants for herbicides.     

高效液相色谱法测定4.5%氯氰菊酯乳油中两种异构体的含量

采用高效液相色谱法对4.5%氯氰菊酯乳油中高效cisB及transB的含量进行测定,该方法测定结果稳定,线性良好,重复性较高。     

The effects of increasing the level of dietary wormwood (Artemisia montana Pampan) on intake, digestibility, N balance and ruminal fermentation characteristics in sheep

This study investigated the effect of replacing concentrates with dry wormwood (Artemisia montana) on the performance of sheep. Four Corriedale × Polwarth sheep (41.3 ± 1.3 kg) were fed diets with an 8 : 2 straw to supplement ratio, for four, consecutive 16 d periods (10 d adaptation, 6 d collection) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Supplements were made by substituting 0 (Control), 30 (LW), 50 (MW) or 100 (HW) g/kg DM of concentrate (15.6% CP, 72.1% of TDN) with dried, ground wormwood. Ruminal pH, NH₃–N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured on d 6 of collection. Ether extract (EE) intake was linearly decreased (P < 0.001) with increasing wormwood inclusion, otherwise intake was unaffected. The Control diet had lower (P < 0.05) DM and CP digestibility than LW and MW diets and lower EE digestibility than the LW diet. Retained N (P < 0.05) and microbial N yield (P < 0.01) linearly increased with dietary wormwood level, but efficiency of microbial N synthesis linearly decreased (P < 0.001). Mean concentrations of rumen NH₃–N, total VFA and propionic acid were quadratically increased (P < 0.05) by increasing wormwood inclusion. Replacing concentrates with 30–50 g/kg DM of wormwood increased N retention, microbial N yield and EE digestibility.     

奶牛日粮中添加油菜籽、菜油及脂肪酸钙对奶牛产奶量及奶品质的影响

试验选用泌乳3~5个月，2~5胎次，体重相近，健康无病，产奶量相近（P>0.05）的奶牛36头，随机分为4组，其中：对照组喂给基础日粮，试验1、2和3组分别在基础日粮中添加油菜籽（350 g/d·头）、菜油（150 g/d·头）和脂肪酸钙（200 g/d·头）。通过30 d对比饲养试验。结果表明：试验1、2、3组的奶牛日均产奶量分别比对照组相对提高0.88（P<0.05）、0.31(P>0.05)、0.70 kg/d·头(P<0.05)。各组间奶牛干物质采食量及饲料干物质利用率均无显著差异（P>0.05）；试验1、2、3组牛奶中乳蛋白和非脂乳固体有增加的趋势，但不明显（P>0.05）；试验1、2、3组与对照组的乳脂率无明显变化(P>0.05)。与对照组相比试验1组每头奶牛每天可增加纯收入1.08元，试验2组亏损0.06元，试验3组亏损0.14元；从而认为在日粮中添加油菜籽、菜油、脂肪酸钙可以提高奶牛产奶量，其中以添加油菜籽的经济效益最好。     

牛至油对肉仔鸡生长性能和胴体品质的影响

将150只1日龄、健康的艾维茵肉仔鸡随机分为5组,在其基础日粮中分别添加75、100、125、150 mg/kg的10%牛至油预混剂,饲喂6周.结果表明,牛至油可极显著提高肉仔鸡全期的增重速度(P＜0.01),改善料肉比(P＜0.01);试验组平均胸肌率和腿肌率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),分别比对照组高8.93%、9.60%,试验组平均腹脂率比对照组平均低16.30%,差异极显著(P＜0.01).以生产性能和胴体品质为指标看,牛至油在肉仔鸡日粮中的适宜添加量为100 mg/kg.     

青藏高原植物香芸火绒草挥发油的超临界CO2萃取及GC-MS分析

通过对高原植物香芸火绒草超临界CO2萃取的研究，获得了温度45℃、压力18MPa为其相对较佳提取条件，提取产物为黄绿色浸膏，得率为0．87％。将该浸膏精制成净油，其得率为60．2％。进一步通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC—MS）对净油分析，鉴定出其中的15种化学成分，并通过峰面积归一法确定了它们的相对含量。挥发油成分主要为：邻苯二甲酸异辛酯、高良姜素黄烷酮、α-甜没药萜醇、橙花叔醇、胡萝卜醇、棕榈酸等。通过对香芸火绒草挥发油成分的研究，为高原特有植物资源的进一步开发利用提供了试验依据。