海南省西南半干旱地区臂形草引种试验

在海南省东方县半干旱条件下,对5种臂形草属牧草（Brachiaria spp.）进行3 a区域性品比试验,结果表明,产量最高的是杂交臂形草（B.hybrid CIAT9201/1873）和网脉臂形草（B.dictyoneura CIAT6133）,年干草产量分别达到18 938和16 869 kg/hm^2,分别比对照热研6号珊状臂形草（B.brizantha cv.Reyan No.6,年干草产量12 694 kg/hm^2）增产49.2%和32.9%。其中杂交臂形草是株丛型草,可用作刈割型饲料;网脉臂形草由于草质硬,生长速度快、草层密度大、耐践踏,耐酸性瘦土,特别适合用作人工草地和覆盖用草;刚果臂形草茎叶柔软而毛少,适口性较好,是饲养幼畜幼禽的优良品种。     

沿江圩区农作物病虫草害演替及综合治理对策

沿江圩区主要农作物病虫草害演替呈现以下特点 :种类增加 ,不断出现新的病虫为害 ;危害期拉长 ,发生程度加重 ;突发性病虫暴发成灾 ;螟虫危害趋于复杂化等。为此制定了近期与长远期综合治理措施 ,及时有效地控制其危害     

基于小气候模型的温室能耗预测系统研究

【目的】建立一个基于温室小气候模型的温室冬季加温所需基础能耗计算机预测系统，为进一步研究中国温室环境的优化调控提供依据。【方法】根据能量平衡原理，综合考虑作物蒸腾对温室运行能耗的影响，建立了温室加温所需基础能耗预测系统。利用温室作物蒸腾和小气候观测试验资料确定了温室小气候模型中的作物参数，并用上海两个Venlo型自控温室2001年～2003年3个冬季的实际耗煤量对系统预测结果进行了检验。【结果】对两个温室冬季加温能耗预测结果与实际耗煤量统计分析回归方程分别为（x和y分别为实际值和预测值）y＝0.8526x和y＝0.8321x；决定系数R2分别为0.85和0.90；相对误差分别为27%和29%。结果表明，系统对能耗预测结果与实际耗煤量趋势一致。【结论】本研究建立的温室加温能耗预测系统是建立在温室小气候模型的基础上，其原理具有普适性，因此具有通用性强的特点。     

安徽单季稻田绿肥优化配置与稻季氮肥减施效果研究

为了研究豆科和禾本科绿肥适宜的种植模式,提高绿肥的养分资源高效利用。在绿肥季设置了6个处理：（1）冬闲、（2）紫云英单播、（3）毛叶苕子单播、（4）黑麦草单播、（5）紫云英和黑麦草混播、（6）毛叶苕子和黑麦草混播;并在水稻季对5个绿肥处理进行减氮30%,冬闲处理设置常规施肥和减氮30%处理。结果表明,与单播相比,混播增加了鲜草产量,毛叶苕子和黑麦草混播处理鲜草产量最高（31 582 kg·hm^-2）,同时其氮素积累量显著高于紫云英和黑麦草处理;种植绿肥有利于提高土壤的养分含量,其中黑麦草有机质含量提升最大,较冬闲处理增幅11.25%,豆科和禾本科绿肥混播后,土壤全氮和速效钾的含量显著高于单播黑麦草处理;同时利用冬闲田种植利用绿肥有利于提高水稻产量,其中毛叶苕子、毛叶苕子+黑麦草、紫云英、紫云英+黑麦草处理的水稻产量与100%N处理无显著差异。综上,毛叶苕子和黑麦草混播种植不仅增加绿肥鲜草产量和养分积累量,且提高土壤肥力,同时在减施氮肥下仍获得稳产,是本试验区域内最优的混播种植模式。     

Comparison of traditional and improved methods for estimating the stability of organic growing media

Organic growing media employed in hydroponic crops could change their characteristics due to organic matter degradation during culture growing season. Traditional methods for measuring the stability of growing media (Biochemical Stability Index, Lemaire) do not take into account the activity of crop roots, nutrients in the growing media or microorganism presence. Three experiments were performed to determine the stability of six organic substrates. Stability was measured as the percentage of organic matter remaining in substrates. In experiment one (short duration and small scale without plant) 500 ml samples were incubated for 180 days following original methodology proposed by Lemaire (L) and with three modifications: (1) Inoculation with compost (I), (2) watered with nutrient solution (NS), and (3) both combined (I + NS). In experiment two (Long duration, medium scale) 10 l samples were incubated with and without a lolium crop for 720 days in a greenhouse. In experiment 3 stability of each substrate was real measured in 20 l hydroponic bags after use in four cycles of tomato production in a commercial greenhouse (2 years). All incubations were triplicated. Physicochemical properties of substrates were measured. Correlations between stability estimated in experiment one and two and real determinations in experiment three were analyzed. Lemaire methodology modified by adding and inoculum an nutrients (I + NS) was the best method to estimate the stability of organic growing media measured in real conditions in experiment 3. This new method greatly improves the estimation performed with original Lemaire methodology. Long term incubations with lolium also reproduce well the real stability of growing media but this methodology is not feasible because it requires four times longer and the amount of substrate required is 20 times larger for each sample.     

缓释尿素在辽宁中部水稻上应用效果报告

2010年在辽宁省中部地区水稻上开展一次性底施缓释尿素田间试验。结果表明：在辽宁中部地区水稻上一次性施用缓释尿素比施用普通尿素,增产效果非常明显,开原和大石桥试验点增产31.1～57.0kg/667m2,增产率为5.9%～10.9%;辽中试验点增产34.7～88.9kg/667m2,增产率为10.1%～21.3%。     

四波段作物冠层分析仪设计

为解决当前作物氮素分析成本较高、分析过程复杂、分析时间长等问题,设计了一款基于光谱学原理的四波段作物冠层分析仪,通过快速检测作物冠层植被指数预测作物长势.分析仪主要由控制单元和测量单元组成.控制单元只含一个控制器,该控制器作为整个无线传感网络的协调器,负责将各个传感器节点发送的数据进行分类、显示以及存储等,并根据测量结果计算作物营养成分含量.测量单元则由多个光学传感器组成,主要负责光学信号的采集、放大、发送等.每个传感器可以在4个光学波段进行测量,分别是绿色植物可见光主要反射峰550 nm,可见光主要吸收波段650 nm,近红外波段766、850 nm.标定试验显示光学传感器工作稳定,仪器具有较高的精度.初步玉米田间试验表明,仪器的测量结果与玉米叶片全氮含量的相关系数达到0.884.     

Cover crop effects on nitrogen load in tile drainage from Walnut Creek Iowa using root zone water quality (RZWQ) model

Studies quantifying winter annual cover crop effects on water quality are mostly limited to short-term studies at the plot scale. Long-term studies scaling-up water quality effects of cover crops to the watershed scale provide more integrated spatial responses from the landscape. The objective of this research was to quantify N loads from artificial subsurface drainage (tile drains) in a subbasin of the Walnut Creek, Iowa (Story county) watershed using the hybrid RZWQ-DSSAT model for a maize (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and maize-maize-soybean rotations in all phases with and without a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crop during a 25-year period from 1981 to 2005. Simulated cover crop dry matter (DM) and N uptake averaged 1854 and 36 kg ha⁻¹ in the spring in the maize-soybean phase of the 2-year rotation and 1895 and 36 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize phase during 1981-2005. In the 3-year rotation, cover crop DM and N uptake averaged 2047 and 44 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-maize-soybean phase, 2039 and 43 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize-maize phase, and 1963 and 43 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-soybean-maize phase during the same period. Annual N loads to tile drains averaged 29 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-soybean phase and 25 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize phase compared to 21 and 20 kg ha⁻¹ in the same phases with a cover crop. In the 3-year rotation, annual N loads averaged 46, 43, and 45 kg ha⁻¹ in each phase of the rotation without a cover crop and 37, 35, and 35 kg ha⁻¹ with a cover crop. These results indicate using a winter annual cover crop can reduce annual N loads to tile drains 20-28% in the 2-year rotation and 19-22% in the 3-year rotation at the watershed subbasin scale over a 25-year period.     

Human-wildlife conflicts influence attitudes but not necessarily behaviors: Factors driving the poaching of bears in China

Human-wildlife conflicts often spur retaliatory killing, which may be a major threat to some wildlife species. Asiatic black bears depredate crops and livestock and also attack humans. We investigated whether human–bear conflicts in Sichuan Province, southwestern China, resulted in increased bear poaching. We conducted semi-structured interviews within 429 15 × 15-km cells across the province, asking villagers about bear occurrence, population trends, attitudes toward bears, human–bear conflicts, responses to bear damage, and bear poaching. Bears raided crops (n = 174 cells), killed livestock (n = 114 cells), and attacked people (n = 49 cells). Fifty percent and 43% of villagers held negative and neutral attitudes toward bears, respectively; attitudes were more negative among people who had previous interactions with bears or lived where bear encounters were more likely. Although killing bears was illegal, villagers in 117 cells (38%) indicated that bear poaching occurred around their villages. However, killing bears was not significantly linked to damage: indeed, killing was more common in areas without human–bear conflicts. Poachers killed bears mainly for trade of their valuable parts (gall bladder and paws, 78.5%). Tibetan people experienced bear damage and also had negative attitudes toward bears, but reported less poaching than Han or Yi people, due to their religious beliefs. Our study indicated that human-wildlife conflicts shaped people’s attitudes toward bears, but strong economic incentives, not attitudes, prompted illegal killing. Whereas mitigation of human–bear conflicts could help foster more positive attitudes toward bears and the nature reserves that protect bears, this strategy will not remove the primary threat against this species.     

Degradability of black carbon and its impact on trace gas fluxes and carbon turnover in paddy soils

Rice paddy soils are characterized by anoxic conditions, anaerobic carbon turnover, and significant emissions of the greenhouse gas methane. A main source for soil organic matter in paddy fields is the rice crop residue that is returned to fields if not burned. We investigated as an alternative treatment the amendment of rice paddies with rice residues that have been charred to black carbon. This treatment might avoid various negative side effects of traditional rice residue treatments. Although charred biomass is seen as almost recalcitrant, its impact on trace gas (CO₂, CH₄) production and emissions in paddy fields has not been studied. We quantified the degradation of black carbon produced from rice husks in four wetland soils in laboratory incubations. In two of the studied soils the addition of carbonised rice husks resulted in a transient increase in carbon mineralisation rates in comparison to control soils without organic matter addition. After almost three years, between 4.4% and 8.5% of the black carbon added was mineralised to CO₂ under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The addition of untreated rice husks resulted in a strong increase in carbon mineralisation rates and in the same time period 77%-100% of the added rice husks were mineralised aerobically and 31%-54% anaerobically. The ¹³C-signatures of respired CO₂ gave a direct indication of black carbon mineralisation to CO_2. In field trials we quantified the impact of rice husk black carbon or untreated rice husks on soil respiration and methane emissions. The application of black carbon had no significant effect on soil respiration but significantly enhanced methane emissions in the first rice crop season. The additional methane released accounted for only 0.14% of black carbon added. If the same amount of organic carbon was added as untreated rice husks, 34% of the applied carbon was released as CO₂ and methane in the first season. Furthermore, the addition of fresh harvest residues to paddy fields resulted in a disproportionally high increase in methane emissions. Estimating the carbon budget of the different rice crop residue treatments indicated that charring of rice residues and adding the obtained black carbon to paddy fields instead of incorporating untreated harvest residues may reduce field methane emissions by as much as 80%. Hence, the production of black carbon from rice harvest residues could be a powerful strategy for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from rice fields.