省级重点实验室筹建策略探讨 ——以河北省作物生长调控重点实验室建设为例

以河北农业大学建设河北省作物生长调控重点实验室的过程为例，论述了高等农业院校在省部级重点实验室建设过程中的缘起、发展和确立，并就实验室建设过程中遇到的相关问题进行了初步分析，提出在资源稀缺条件下建设服务三农和适应市场经济发展的省级重点实验室的思路和策略     

作物产量“三合结构”定量表达及高产分析

针对目前作物产量水平长期徘徊难以突破，产量分析理论缺乏量化指标体系，可操作指导作用小等问题，依据“三合结构”模式二级结构层各因素的关系，建立了“三合结构”定量表达式，并通过田间试验与模型模拟相结合的方法，对春玉米、夏玉米、水稻和冬小麦高产实例进行定量化分析，明确了限制产量进一步提高的关键因素，提出了高产突破的可能方向。结果表明，提高叶片平均净同化率（MNAR），改善群体的物质生产能力，是水稻产量进一步提升的关键；适当提高平均叶面积指数（MLAI）或经济系数（HI）可能会进一步增加冬小麦产量；春玉米籽粒产量主要伴随着MLAI和单位面积穗数（EN）的增加而提高，其实质是平均作物生长率（MCGR）的提高增加了单位面积上总粒数（TGN）。进一步研究确定了“三合结构”定量表达式参数间的函数关系式，通过公式代换可推导出某一参数与目标参数的函数关系。作物产量“三合结构”定量表达式的建立为作物群体定量化研究提供了新的思路和方法，有助于全面掌握群体参数变化与产量形成的定量关系，为指导作物生产进行有效的技术调控提供依据。     

The effect of lupins as compared with peas and oats on the yield of the subsequent winter barley crop

New high yielding early maturing cultivars of lupins have been introduced in north-west Europe as grain protein crops in crop rotations. This paper reports on a comparative study of lupins with peas and oats, and of their effect on yield of subsequent winter barley crops. These crops were given five levels of N under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions on sand and loam. Under rain fed conditions the grain yield of pea, oat and lupin varied between 24–36, 34–53 and 18–37 hkg DM ha⁻¹, respectively. Supplemental irrigation raised grain yield of oat to 50–60 hkg DM ha⁻¹, while grain yield in pea was not affected and grain yield in lupin in most cases decreased due to gray mould attack and excessive vegetative growth in the indeterminate lupin variety. Under rain fed conditions, the grain nitrogen content of pea, oat and lupin varied between 137–172, 61–80 and 189–226 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively, and was significantly higher in lupin as compared with pea. On sandy soil, similar low-root densities were found for pea, oat and lupin below 30 cm depth. On sand, at final harvest the residual soil-N of lupin and pea, as measured in a subsequent winter barley crop not supplied with N fertilizer, was 15 and 8–10 kg N ha⁻¹ higher than in winter barley following oat, respectively. The nature of the probably more N-root residues of lupin is discussed. On loam, the residual N of lupin and pea was similar, 18–27 kg N ha⁻¹. On sand, under rain fed conditions preceding lupin and pea as compared with oat, increased the barley grain yield at zero N-application 77 and 49%, respectively; the effect of lupin was significantly higher than that of pea until the highest N-level 120 kg N-application ha⁻¹. On loam under rain fed conditions preceding lupin and pea increased the barley grain yield at zero N-application by 36 and 62%, respectively, as compared with oat; at N-application>60 kg N ha⁻¹ the grain yield was similar after all three crops. For both soil types the same level of effect was found under irrigated conditions. Conclusions: Supplemental irrigation might result in lower grain yield in lupin due to gray mould attack and excessive growth if indeterminate lupin varieties are used. Grain nitrogen yield of lupin is significantly higher than that of pea. On sand, the effect of lupin on the subsequent winter barley grain yield is significantly higher than that of pea, probably due to greater N-root nitrogen residues. On loam, lupin and pea have similar effects on the subsequent winter barley crop.     

作物育种品系试验四种分析方法比较

用水稻、小麦和大豆的8个三重复品系试验的产量结果, 进行了作物育种品系试验的三种分析方法与随机完全区组分析(RB)的比较. 此三种分析方法分别是, 行列区组分析(RC)、行列区组及近邻小区分析(RCN)和行列区组及以小区丛数为协变量的协方差近邻分析(COV). 结果表明, 以误差均方作为相对效率指标, RC、 RCN、 COV相对于RB的平     

作物水分利用率的影响因素及其提高途径探讨

综述了作物水分利用率的研究进展。在探讨水分利用率内涵的基础上，阐述了作物水分利用率的影响因素如作物，环境因素，化学制剂，栽培措施和耕作制度等人类活动等影响因素，重点分析了土壤因素和化学制剂对作物水分利用率的影响，探讨了作物水分利用率的提高途径，包括优化种植结构；选用节水高产型品种；农田覆盖保水技术；水肥耦合技术；化学调控节水技术和节水灌溉技术等     

The effect of deficit irrigation on crop yield and vegetative development of Olea europaea L. (cvs. Frantoio and Leccino)

Water is the most important environmental constrain determining plant growth and fruit yield of olive tree plantations. Although olive trees are resilient to water-limited conditions of Mediterranean-type agroecosystems, crop yields may respond positively to any additional water up to a limit. A field experiment on olive trees was carried out with the aim to present guidelines for efficient management of irrigation scheduling, based on the relationship between plant water status and optimum fruit yield. These relationships were monitored during 2 years by analysing the influence of deficit irrigation strategies on vegetative development and yield parameters on mature modern-trained olive trees of cvs. Frantoio and Leccino. Treatments were: a non-irrigated control (rainfed) and three treatments that received seasonal water amount equivalent to 33, 66 and 100% of ET_C in the period August–September, from the beginning of pit hardening to early fruit veraison. Atmospheric evaporative demand and soil moisture conditions were regularly monitored. Seasonal dynamics of plant water relations varied among treatments, and responded to variations in tree water status, soil moisture conditions and atmospheric evaporative demand. All measurements of tree water status were highly correlated with one another. Differences in yield between treatments indicated that water availability might have affected fruit weight before flowering or during the early stages of fruit growth rather than later in summer season. Results concerning crop yield revealed that irrigation of olive trees from the beginning of pit hardening could be recommended, at least in the experimental conditions of this study and in view of differences between genotypes.     

不同剂型农作物种衣剂研究

本文介绍了农作物种衣剂的剂型种类，确定了不同作物种衣剂中活性组分、农药的种类及使用量，筛选出了非活性组分的种类及配制比例，研制出了不同剂型的农作物种衣剂的基本配方。     

主要作物新品种抗旱性鉴定指标的研究与应用

针对我国北方干旱缺水,水资源日趋匮乏的特点,研究了农作物高产品种抗旱性鉴定方法、评价指标,编制了我国第一个有关农作物品种抗旱性鉴定的地方标准,完善了农作物品种的育种程序。河北省在全国率先开展了小麦和玉米等农作物新品种在参加区域试验的同时进行抗旱性鉴定试验。抗旱指数成为我国小麦和旱稻等作物的抗旱性鉴定指标和标准。     

CO2 and ozone effects on canopy development of potato crops across Europe

This paper describes the effects of elevated CO₂ (550 and 680 μl l⁻¹) and O₃ (60 nl l⁻¹ O₃ as an 8 h mean), alone or in combination, on canopy development and senescence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv Bintje) across a range of European agro-climatic conditions. The assessments were made within the European CHIP project (CHanging climate and potential Impacts on Potato yield and quality) that was conducted for two growing seasons (1998 and 1999) in free air CO₂ enrichment systems (FACE) and open-top chamber facilities (OTCs) at seven European sites. A comparison of chambered and unchambered experimental plots was included to examine the effects of chamber enclosure. Phenological growth stages, plant height, leaf area index (LAI) and the number of green and yellow leaves were recorded non-destructively throughout the growing season and by a destructive intermediate harvest at maximum leaf area (MLA). In the dynamic growth analysis CO₂ and O₃ effects were studied over three developmental stages: canopy expansion, full canopy and canopy senescence. Chamber enclosures promoted potato crop development (taller plants, more leaves) during the initial growth stages and led to a faster decline of LAI and a higher number of yellow leaves. The growth in ambient plots varied between sites and seasons, as did the scale of the treatment responses. Despite the large background variation, some overall treatment effects could be detected across all sites. Both levels of increased CO₂ reduced final plant height in comparison to ambient concentrations, which indicates a premature ending of the active plant growth. At the stage of full canopy and crop senescence the average number of green leaves was significantly (P<0.05) decreased by 680 μl l⁻¹ CO₂ (OTC experiments) and LAI showed the same tendency (P=0.07). As there was however no indication of a decreased leaf formation during initial growth and at full canopy, this must have been due to an earlier leaf fall. In the FACE experiments LAI had already began to decline at the stage of full canopy at 550 μl l⁻¹ CO₂ but not in ambient CO₂ (DAE×CO₂, P<0.05). These observations strongly indicated that elevated CO₂ induced a premature senescence during full canopy. O₃ did not have an overall detrimental effect on crop development during initial growth nor at full canopy, but did induce a faster reduction of LAI during crop senescence (DAE×O₃, P<0.05). Final plant height was not affected by O₃. There were few CO₂×O₃ interactions detected. There was a suggestion (P=0.06) that O₃ counteracted the CO₂-induced decrease of green leaves at full canopy, but on the other hand during crop senescence the decline of LAI due to elevated O₃ was faster at ambient compared to elevated CO₂ (P<0.05). These responses of canopy development to elevated CO₂ and O₃ help to explain the treatment responses of potato yield within the CHIP project at sites across Europe.     

Seed production and breeding potential of the fluted pumpkin,Telfairia occidentalis

Summary Studies during 1980–1987 relating to seed production of the fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook. f.) are summarized. Essentially, the dioecious nature of the crop makes sex-ratios of plants affect the number of fruit-bearing females. Overall, about 50% of plants are female, of which some 15% are fruitless. Each fruit-bearing female has 1.5 fruits that contain 60 seeds. The mean weight of seeds is 15 g, and 74% of this total seed weight comprise the seed kernel which contains about 40% oil. Thus, a yield estimate of seed kernels reaches 1.9 t/ha; an output that is superior to that of most other oil seeds now being exploited for seed oil and cake in Nigeria. Measures to raise seed yields and the possibility of breeding work are discussed.