Bulk density by Proctor test as a function of texture for agricultural soils in Maputo province of Mozambique

Soil degradation processes may be of various kinds, including soil compaction. The present study was carried out with the objective of assessing the sensitivity of agricultural or recently abandoned soils in Maputo province of Mozambique to compaction. The assessment is based on the maximum of bulk density attained using the Proctor test (MBD).

In this study the soil texture is expressed by silt plus clay (S + C) or clay (C). The relations between the soil texture and MBD, and between soil texture and critical water content (CWC—soil water at which MBD is attained) were determined. Selected soils range from 10 to 74% of S + C and 9 to 60% of C.

The results suggest there is a relationship between the considered parameters, being that between S + C and MBD or CWC, the best. For MBD the relationship is represented by two quadratic equations with the boundary in between these being a S + C value of 25% and C value of 20%.

Based on the obtained results, one can conclude that the selected parameters may be a useful basis for estimation of the sensitivity to compaction of the Maputo province's soils. It is recommended that similar studies be carried out for soils under forest land and for soil of other provinces to establish the national physical degradation hazard as a function of soil parameters determined routinely and at low cost. The suggested parameters are texture and soil organic matter (SOM).     

Comparison of concentrated-flow detachment equations for low shear stress

Several equations exist to describe the relationship between concentrated-flow detachment and shear stress (τ). However, the advantages and disadvantages of these equations for specific circumstances remain unclear. This study examines the performance of linear and power equations with and without a critical shear stress (τ_c) term for concentrated-flow detachment at low shear stress. Equations were fit to data collected from experiments on five midwestern US soils using flume experimental data at low shear stress levels. Field experimental data were also available for these soils. The linear equation was simple to use and parameter values were easily estimated with linear regression. However, significant lack of fit was found when the linear equation was applied to data collected from low to medium shear stress levels. The value of soil erodibility (K) for a soil varied by a factor of 3 and critical shear stress (τ_c) varied by a factor of 2.5. The linear equation prediction underestimated detachment (D) by 25% at high shear stress and overestimated detachment by 30% at low shear stress. In contrast, the power equations gave more stable erodibility parameters because these equations reduced the systematic nature of the observation residuals found with the linear equation. Correlation between rill detachment D and τ was generally lower with the linear compared to the power equations for conditions tested. For higher shear stresses and longer slopes, the linear equation may be acceptable where field experiments show a linear trend. It is suggested that τ_c only be used when it has a value significantly different from zero.     

Least limiting water range: A potential indicator of changes in near-surface soil physical quality after the conversion of Brazilian Savanna into pasture

The Brazilian savanna, or “Cerrado”, is an ecosystem that originally covered more than 200 Mha in Brazil. It is estimated that about 49.5 Mha in the Cerrado are now covered with cultivated pastures, which are responsible for half of Brazilian beef production. However, soil and pasture degradation represent a threat to this productive system and to the Cerrado ecosystem itself. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the least limiting water range (LLWR) as an index of near-surface soil physical quality after conversion of Brazilian savanna to continuous and short-duration grazing systems. Three sites were evaluated: native Cerrado (NC), continuous grazing (CG), and short-duration grazing (SG). Thirty soil cores (5 cm height, 5 cm diameter) were collected at each site, and used for soil bulk density, soil water retention curve, and soil penetration resistance curve determinations. The results were used for quantification of LLWR and critical bulk density (D_bc), in which LLWR equals zero. The near-surface soil physical quality, as evaluated by the LLWR, was most restrictive for potential root growth in SG. In CG, potential restriction was moderate; however, the entire soil bulk density range was below the D_bc. In NC, potential restriction was minimum. The soil structural degradation process was primarily related to the increase in stocking rates in the grazing systems. The LLWR proved to be a useful indicator of Cerrado soil physical quality, being sensitive to alterations in near-surface physical properties.     

单一重金属胁迫对灯心草生长及生理生化指标的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同浓度处理水平的Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、As五种重金属单一胁迫对灯心草生长及其生理生化特性的的影响。结果表明:种植灯心草土壤中的Cd、Pb、Cu三种重金属临界值可分别设定为10mg kg-1、100 mg kg-1、100mg kg-1。灯心草不适合在Zn污染的土壤中种植,土壤中As临界值尚需作进一步的研究来确定。各单一重金属胁迫对灯心草叶绿素的合成均有很大程度的抑制作用,剂量-效应关系明显。灯心草三种保护酶对于不同浓度处理水平重金属胁迫的响应不同:在土壤环境质量低浓度设置范围内三种酶有较好的协同效应能共同抵御重金属胁迫造成的膜伤害,表现出较强的自我调节能力。而在高浓度处理水平时,三种酶活性呈现不同的变化趋势。灯心草生理生化指标对重金属胁迫的响应存在元素种类之间的差异。各单一重金属对灯心草生长抑制及生理毒害效应大小排序为:Zn>As>Cu>Pb>Cd。     

森林经营历史对林业发展的哲学思考

文章对森林经营及林业发展历史进行了简要总结及论述,并从5个方面探讨了森林经营历史对林业发展的启示:(1)森林资源的保护和林业的发展是矛盾与对立统一的辩证关系.(2)森林资源的保护和林业的发展应积极发挥人的主观能动性.(3)注重森林资源保护的客观普遍联系.(4)提升森林资源经营管理水平,推动林业快速有序的发展,是全社会所关注的主题,需要抓住矛盾的主要方面,探索保护森林资源最有效的途径.(5)世界各国应该互帮互助,共同发展世界林业,构建全球生态和谐.     

低温胁迫下番石榴叶片生理生化变化的探讨

通过不同低温对台湾引进的珍珠番石榴、无籽番石榴及福建省乡土番石榴的处理 ,测定其在低温胁迫下叶片若干生理生化变化 ,以探求番石榴不同品种的抗寒性与忍受的临界低温。结果表明 ,番石榴忍受的临界低温为 -3～ -4℃ ,因品种和低温持续时间而异。番石榴不同品种间耐寒性差异与叶片束缚水 自由水比值以及可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖含量相关。乡土番石榴的抗寒性高于从台湾引进的两个品种。     

三相异步电动机节电控制装置的研制

针对负载特性为空载、轻载或变载的电动机．研制出一种集成化△→Ｙ自动转换节电器，可使电机运行于节能状态。对节电器的节能原理、工作原理作了系统分析并对节能效果进行了测定．结果表明该装置节能效果显著。     

棕壤小白菜施镍生物效应及临界值

利用盆栽试验,研究了棕壤土施镍(Ni)对小白菜生长发育及矿质营养吸收与积累的影响,并通过小白菜生物量、地上部茎叶Ni含量及土壤有效态Ni含量的变化确定了土壤Ni污染的毒性临界值。结果表明,土壤施Ni量在0~25mg/kg范围,小白菜生物量随施Ni量的增加而增加,施Ni量>25mg/kg,随施Ni量增加,生物量呈极显著下降。小白菜茎叶和根系中矿质营养吸收与Ni含量表现为一定的协同或拮抗关系。以生物减产量突变点为依据,确定棕壤土施Ni毒害临界值为:土壤全量Ni为66.36mg/kg,有效态Ni含量为6.21mg/kg(DTPA)和茎叶Ni含量为16.40mg/kg。     

Influence of soil water on stress–strain behaviour of a compacting soil in semi-arid Kenya

Depending on the top and subsoil textures, semi-arid soils exhibit cohesive and frictional properties that are associated with the relatively high soil strength, bulk density and penetration resistance. The objective of this study was to gain the knowledge of mechanical properties of the compacting chromic luvisols in order to improve the design of tillage tools. Therefore, we applied critical state soil mechanics to study the stress–strain behaviour of the luvisols using triaxial tests under laboratory conditions. Field investigations involved random collection of undisturbed soil samples which were subjected to triaxial testing first by isotropic consolidation and compression and then triaxial shearing. Plots of deviatoric stress against axial strain were made to determine the soil shear strengths at the critical states over different soil water levels and the two soil depths of 0–20 cm for the plough and 20–40 cm for the hard pan layers, respectively. An exponential model used to fit the deviatoric stress–axial strain test data accurately predicted the trends. Soil water significantly influenced the shear strength, cohesion (c′) and internal angle of friction (′) and hence the mechanical behaviour of the luvisols. The regression equations developed showed that c′ and ′ have quadratic relationships with soil water. The very high clay bonding strength in the subsoil (hard pan) layer resulted in high shear strength, bulk density and penetration resistance values for this soil layer. The increase in shear strength with decreasing water content affected the deviatoric stress–axial strain relationships between the upper and lower plastic limits of the sandy soil. Thus, as the soil dried, the soil ceased to behave in the plastic (ductile flow) manner and thus began to break apart and crumble. The crumbling was indicative of brittle failure. The transition stage from an increase to a decrease in c′ and ′ values with soil water occurred in the soil water content range of 6–10%. Knowledge of stress–strain behaviour of compacting soils is of practical significance in the design of appropriate tillage tools for the specific soil type.     

基于HACCP构建食品企业质量管理体系

应用危害分析和关键控制点(HACCP)质量管理系统提高食品企业质量安全管理体系。HACCP质量管理体系包括:生产危害分析、关键控制点、制定HACCP系统档案记录及评估等;潜在的危害有生物性危害、化学性危害、物理性危害。通过双汇瘦肉精、三鹿三聚氰胺事件说明关键控制点包括原料的质量、加工工艺的控制以及各项质量指标的检测等,并分析了政府监管的重要性。只有政府监管与企业HACCP实施双管齐下,才能真正做到为消费者提供安全的食品保障。