杜威职业教育观的社会思想背景探析

职业教育是杜威教育思想的重要组成部分。杜威的职业教育观植根于广阔的社会背景。理解杜威职业教育观离不开对其所处时代背景和社会民主思想的了解和分析。杜威的职业教育思想,体现了他对19世纪美国劳资问题的热切关注,对劳工阶层的同情。杜威认为教育是促进工业民主和推进实现合作共同体理想的基本途径。通过对社会思想基础的分析,有利于全面加深我们对杜威职业教育思想的理解。     

典型网纹红土结构土壤细菌群落及其生态网络特征

我国亚热带地区红壤下部的网纹红土通常被认为是第四纪古气候和古环境变化的记录载体。迄今为止，对土壤细菌群落在土壤结构体尺度上的分异特征及其影响因素了解甚少。作为红壤关键带地下结构的重要组成部分，网纹红土独特的红-白相间的土体结构可能引起土壤细菌群落在其上的差异分布。阐明网纹红土结构土壤细菌群落特征对探索红壤关键带深部生态系统的生物多样性和多功能性具有重要的生态学意义。本研究以典型网纹红土结构体为研究对象，将其拆分为红色基质和白色网纹两部分，利用16S rRNA高通量测序分析红/白部分细菌群落与细菌生态网络的特征。结果表明，网纹结构体红白部分细菌群落结构差异显著，红色基质部分放线菌门和厚壁菌门等细菌显著富集；白色网纹部分酸杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门等细菌相对丰度显著富集。细菌生态网络分析结果表明，白色网纹部分的细菌网络节点和连线较多，聚类系数较低，说明白色网纹部分细菌之间相互作用关系更复杂。典范对应分析表明，网纹结构体环境异质性造成了细菌群落在网纹红白部分的差异分布。其中质地是决定细菌群落及其生态网络差异最重要的环境因子.此外,在网纹的红色基质部分，矿质养分的含量与细菌群落的组成密切相关。     

长期不同施肥的棕壤胶体凝聚动力学比较研究

土壤胶体的凝聚与土壤团聚体的形成密切相关。施肥改变土壤溶液环境，对土壤团聚体形成、土壤结构和土壤物质组成产生影响。探索长期不同施肥影响土壤胶体微观性质和相互作用进而影响土壤宏观现象的关联十分必要。本研究依托三十五年棕壤长期定位施肥监测试验站，选取不施肥处理（CK）、施用氮肥（N）、施用有机肥（M）、氮肥与有机肥配合施用（N+M）四种处理的土壤为研究对象，采用动态光散射技术监测不同施肥处理的土壤胶体凝聚动力学过程，通过对比分析土壤有机质含量、表面化学性质和土壤矿物组成等探究不同施肥处理对土壤胶体凝聚过程的影响。研究发现：四种长期不同施肥处理的棕壤胶体凝聚特征均表现为在低电解质浓度条件下发生慢速凝聚（RLCA）与高电解质浓度条件下的快速凝聚（DLCA）；不同施肥处理胶体在相同电解质体系中的临界聚沉浓度的大小顺序均为M > N+M > CK > N。有机肥的长期施用增加了土壤有机质含量，从而提高了胶体颗粒表面电场强度，加大了胶体颗粒间的静电斥力，加之有机质组分的空间位阻效应使得胶体的凝聚现象减弱；另一方面，长期不同施肥处理并未改变土壤黏土矿物组成类型，但对其相对含量产生影响：其中，有机肥的长期施入使2:1型伊利石的相对含量增加，1:1型高岭石的相对含量减少，长期施用氮肥使伊利石相对含量减少而高岭石相对含量增加。综上，长期不同施肥处理改变棕壤胶体的基本理化性质和矿物组成比例关系，进而影响棕壤胶体的凝聚动力学过程。     

Soil water stress at young urban street-tree sites in response to meteorology and site parameters

Growth conditions at urban street-tree sites are unfavorable and tree vitality is increasingly threatened by water scarcity due to changing climate. Developing adaption and management strategies to ensure early stage and long-term tree- and root growth requires thorough knowledge about root zone soil-water dynamics at young urban street-tree sites. Therefore, we established a soil water potential (SWP) monitoring at 17 young urban street-tree sites in the city of Hamburg, Germany. Over four years (2016–2019) we measured and quantified critical soil water availability in the root ball, planting pit, and surrounding urban soil using a threshold value (SWP < −1200 hPa) and assessed the tree sites sensitivity towards meteorological variables, tree- and site characteristics using a data driven random forest model. During 2018 and 2019, average critical soil water availability in the root ball and planting pit occurred between three to five months per year, and the trees were exposed to prolonged periods of critical soil-water availability for two consecutive years. After planting, critical soil water availability increasingly shifted year wise from the root ball into the entire planting pit as a consequence of root development and increasing water demand of the trees. Considering less usable water within the surrounding sandy soils, soil water in the planting pit may be depleted earlier and more rapidly with tree aging. The random forest model successfully predicted critical soil water availability and identified tree age as an important predictor. Long-term (10-day) rainfall was the most important variable predicting the occurrence of critical soil water availability, suggesting a further extension of periods with critical soil water availability as rainy summer days are projected to decrease with climate change. Additionally we identified soil temperature as a more important predictor than air temperature as it reflects site specific characteristics affecting water- an energy balance. This study underlines the urgency to adapt the growing conditions of young urban street-trees in terms of sufficient water storage, and provides an approach for future application in tree site soil water management, to maintain their vitality under urbanization pressure and climate change.