康德的批判哲学和哲学的批判精神

作为人类哲学思想的“蓄水池”,康德不仅以其批判哲学实现对传统哲学的根本变革,而且以其新哲学理念深刻影响现当代西方哲学的总体发展。康德的批判哲学开德国古典哲学之先河,是马克思主义哲学的历史渊源,其贡献在于倡导并实践批判的精神。然而康德的批判是不彻底的。当前,要坚持和发展马克思主义哲学,必须高扬“对现存的一切进行无情的批判”的精神,“在批判旧世界中发现新世界”。由康德所奠定的那种高瞻远瞩的理性批判精神,是永远值得人们珍惜和深思的。     

小麦温敏不育系BNS366育性转换的敏感期研究

为了确定BNS366育性转换的敏感时期和温光阈值,探寻杂交制种最佳时空区域,2011-2013年度在长沙进行了分期播种,研究了BNS366群体不同生育时期的气象因子与花粉败育率、自交不育度和自交实粒数等性状的相关关系。结果表明,播种-分蘖盛期的气温与育性呈极显著相关;拔节始期-孕穗始期的日平均气温、日最低气温和日长也与育性呈极显著相关。即BNS366育性受到播种-分蘖盛期和拔节始期-孕穗始期温光因子的影响。播种-分蘖盛期的日平均气温为17.1~21.7℃不育,日平均气温为14.0~16.2℃育性转换,日平均气温为5.5~6.2℃可育。BNS366育性转换的敏感时期为群体拔节始期-孕穗始期,即小花原基分化期-药隔形成期。育性转换的温光阈值:日平均气温6.6~8.10℃,日长10.92~11.18h不育;日平均气温8.13~10.72℃,日长11.40~11.53h育性转换;日平均气温15.5~18.4℃,日长11.75~12.33h完全可育。     

两个新籼稻光温敏核不育系的育性转换特性研究

为了研究新育成的水稻光温敏雄性不育系H61S、H69S的育性转换特性,于2005—2006年在湛江进行了分期播种试验和人工控制光温试验,结果表明:(1)温度是引起两个光温敏不育系育性转换的最主要的原因,光照时数对不育系育性影响不显著。(2)H61S、H69S的育性温度敏感期分别为抽穗前19￣10d和20￣10d,最敏感期均为抽穗前17￣13d,与对照培矮64相似。(3)当不育系由不育转为可育,可育花粉率达1%时,H61S、H69S和对照培矮64S的育性转换临界温度分别为24.2℃、25.3℃、26.1℃。(4)两个不育系在湛江自然播种条件下都有较长的稳定不育期和较高的自交结实率,育性转换期均比对照培矮64S短,可以安全制种,也可繁殖,但适宜繁殖的抽穗期范围窄。     

严格k—连通图的一个结构特征

本文证明了严格ｋ－连通图具有如下的结构特征，设ｕ是严格ｋ－连通图Ｇ的一个临界点，则ｕ在Ｇ中的邻点的集事与Ｇ－ｕ的任何一个片的交集是非空的，并由此得到一个从严格（ｋ－１）的连通图构造严格ｋ－连通图的方法。     

The critical N dilution curve for linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is different from other C3 species

The objective was to determine the critical N dilution curve of linseed, which is the minimal total N concentration in shoots necessary to produce the maximal shoot dry matter, and to explain possible differences with other C3 species. One main experiment was carried out in 1998/1999 on winter linseed with four levels of fertilizer N. Two plant densities were also studied, the recommended one (600 seeds m⁻²) and the minimum for canopy closure (150 seeds m⁻²), in order to investigate the stability with plant density of the critical N dilution curve. Shoot dry weights (W_S) and shoot N contents expressed in percentage (N_S) were measured for the determination of the critical dilution curve, along with organ N percentages and relative weights. The results of four other experiments were used to validate the critical N dilution curve. Three of these four trials were conducted on winter linseed (one in 1996/1997 and two in 1997/1998) with five levels of fertilizer N, and one on spring linseed in 1999 with six levels of fertilizer N.

The critical N dilution curve of linseed was different from those of other C3 species. The curve was steeper, indicating a greater decrease in the critical shoot N concentration (N_SC) as the critical shoot dry weight (W_SC) increased. This linseed curve determined with the data of the main experiment was relevant when compared to the data of the four other experiments. Organ weight ratios and N concentration of organs were investigated in a fertilizer N treatment resulting in N_S close to the critical N values, N_SC. In this treatment, the decrease in N_S was the result of both a decrease in the N percentage of all organs and a decrease in the leaf weight ratio. The difference between linseed and other C3 species was mainly due to an acceleration of the dilution of N when leaf emission stopped and the flower bud emission began. At this stage of development, the leaf weight ratio of linseed was less than that of wheat, resulting in lower N_S. For a given W_S, no significant differences in N_S, organ N percentages nor organ weight ratios were observed between the two plant densities. This indicates that the difference between linseed and other C3 species could not result from very high plant densities in linseed. Hence, it is concluded that the linseed N accumulation in shoot is different from other C3 species.     

Critical body residues (CBRs) for ecotoxicological soil quality assessment: copper in earthworms

The term ‘critical body residue’ (CBR) was defined as the lowest observed total body concentration of a contaminant in an organism, which is associated with the occurrence of adverse toxic effects in either individuals or populations of a defined age or stage of development. In this study, internal toxicity thresholds were determined for copper in the clitellated adult stage of earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea caliginosa). The objective was to assess the applicability of CBRs as a practical tool in soil quality assessment of contaminated sites and as a means of a sustainable protection of earthworm fauna. Laboratory studies showed that body concentrations of Cu were generally in agreement with the chemically available CaCl₂-extractable fraction in soil, but that there was also some evidence of internal pH-related homeostatic regulation. Toxicological correlates of body Cu concentrations with adverse effects on cocoon production (fecundity) suggested an approximate sublethal internal threshold of about 40 mg kg⁻¹, with mortality occurring at about 60 mg kg⁻¹. Adult L. rubellus sampled from areas with a wide range of metal pollution showed body Cu concentrations with a minimum of 8 mg kg⁻¹ and a maximum of 60 mg kg⁻¹. Beyond this apparent physiological tolerance range, environmental management directed at optimal earthworm population survival may not be sustainable in contaminated fields. Studies of L. rubellus colonizing a metal-contaminated experimental sludge-treated field showed that a reduced rate of colonization can already be associated with an average body Cu concentration of 25 mg kg⁻¹. However, in this particular field situation mixture effects of other metals that were also present in the soil and the occurrence of avoidance behaviour during colonization may have contributed to this low internal toxicity threshold. It is concluded that the CBR approach seems to be a feasible option for use as a tool in a bioavailability-based soil quality assessment, even for essential trace metals like copper, but that further insight may be needed to establish the uncertainty and reliability of the application in environmental quality assessment and decision making.     

水泵进水口临界淹没深度试验力学准则的研究

对影响进水口旋涡运动的主要因素进行了理论分析,研究了旋涡型式和Fr数的关系,确定了临界淹没深度试验所要求的力学准则,首次提出新的特征参数,得出了相应的临界淹没深度的计算公式。     

危害分析与关键控制点(HACCP)在巴氏杀菌乳生产中的应用研究

按照HACCP计划的基本原理对巴氏杀菌奶生产工艺进行危害分析,确定生产工艺的关键控制点和监控跟踪程序,并比较了实施HACCP体系前后其微生物数量、质量缺陷和产品损耗等情况。结果表明:实施HACCP体系后,巴氏杀菌乳的质量缺陷率降低36.3%,平均补损率降低62.2%,实施效果显著。     

A flexible approach to managing variability in grain yield and nitrate leaching at within-field to farm scales

We up-scaled the APSIM simulation model of crop growth, water and nitrogen dynamics to interpret and respond to spatial and temporal variations in soil, season and crop performance and improve yield and decrease nitrate leaching. Grain yields, drainage below the maximum root depth and nitrate leaching are strongly governed by interaction of plant available soil water storage capacity (PAWC), seasonal rainfall and nitrogen supply in the water-limited Mediterranean-type environment of Western Australia (WA). APSIM simulates the interaction of these key system parameters and the robustness of its simulations has been rigorously tested with the results of several field experiments covering a range of soil types and seasonal conditions in WA. We used yield maps, soil and weather data for farms at two locations in WA to determine spatial and temporal patterns of grain yield, drainage below the maximum root depth and nitrate leaching under a range of weather, soil and nitrogen management scenarios. On one farm, we up-scaled APSIM simulations across the whole farm using local weather and fertiliser use data and the average PAWC values of soil type polygons. On a 70 ha field on another farm, we used a linear regression of apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) measured by EM38 against PAWC to transform an EC_a map of the field into a high resolution (5 m grid) PAWC map. We then used regressions of simulated yields, drainage below the maximum root depth and nitrate leaching on PAWC to upscale the APSIM simulations for a range of weather and fertiliser management scenarios. This continuous mapping approach overcame the weakness of the soil polygons approach, which assumed uniformity in soil properties and processes within soil type polygons. It identified areas at greatest financial and environmental risks across the field, which required focused management and simulated their response to management interventions. Splitting nitrogen applications increased simulated wheat yields at all sites across the field and decreased nitrate leaching particularly where the water storage capacity of the soil was small. Low water storage capacity resulted in both low wheat yields and large leaching loss. Another management option to decrease leaching may be to grow perennial vegetation that uses more water and loses less by drainage.Paper from the 5th European Conference on Precision Agriculture (5ECPA), Uppsala, Sweden, 2005     

流体性质对刮膜式分子蒸馏器上液膜形态的影响

利用高速摄像机对刮膜式分子蒸馏器壁面上的液膜形态进行了研究,实验发现随着进料率和转速的增加,不同物料在蒸发壁面上主要存在4种流动形态：液滴状、股状、不连续液膜和连续均匀液膜,同时测得水、乙醇、质量分数为12%乙二醇溶液、质量分数为50%乙二醇溶液和质量分数为50%丙三醇溶液在不同转速下出现连续均匀薄膜的临界流率。利用高斯过程进行数据预测表明：在一定转速下,临界流率随表面张力的增大而增大,随粘度的增大而减小。