不同施磷方式对吉林省西部超高产玉米磷素吸收积累的影响

采用田间试验的方法,研究磷肥施用量相同的条件下,磷肥不同施用时期及分配比例对吉林省西部超高产玉米产量及磷素吸收积累的影响。结果表明,不同施磷方式对玉米产量和磷素吸收积累量有一定影响。施磷量一定的条件下,在玉米生育后期追施磷肥可有效提高产量,其中拔节期和喇叭口期均追肥处理产量达到13 706 kg/hm2,较一次性基施处理高0.82%;不同生育期各器官磷素积累量也相对较高,收获时期植株磷素吸收积累量为126.4 kg/hm2,高于其他各处理。从成熟期玉米植株磷素含量分配比例来看,拔节期和喇叭口期均追肥处理收获时期子粒中磷素含量占植株总磷素含量的68.99%,其他处理均超过70%;除子粒外其余各器官磷素含量所占比例均较高。本试验条件下,在玉米生育后期追施磷肥的施磷方式可有效提高玉米产量,但相对于磷肥一次性基施的方式差异不显著。     

28种自交系对5种玉米主要病害的抗性鉴定研究

利用人工接种技术对28种玉米自交系进行鉴定,分析这些自交系对我国玉米主要叶部及土传病害的抗病性。结果表明,供试自交系中3份高抗玉米弯孢叶斑病,5份高抗大斑病,1份高抗穗腐病,3份高抗茎腐病,8份高抗丝黑穗病,其中沈3336和S122对5种主要病害均有较好抗性,可作为育种工作进行品种选育的材料。     

本试验结果表明:从吉林省农业科学院引进的玉米杂交种四单19在西藏林芝和拉萨均可种植,其经济产量和生物产量均较高;在西藏林芝首次进行四单19(吉444×Mo17)玉米杂交种繁育制种试验,初步取得了成功,在933 m2土地上生产出95.2 kg杂交种和74.2 kg父本自交系。

本试验结果表明:从吉林省农业科学院引进的玉米杂交种四单19在西藏林芝和拉萨均可种植,其经济产量和生物产量均较高;在西藏林芝首次进行四单19(吉444×Mo17)玉米杂交种繁育制种试验,初步取得了成功,在933 m²土地上生产出95.2 kg杂交种和74.2 kg父本自交系。     

云南省地方玉米种质资源的类型、品种及其子粒颜色多样性分析

对云南省地方玉米种质资源类型、品种(遗传)及子粒颜色的整理和分析,表明云南省玉米地方种质资源共有7个类型.类型多样,分布广泛,但不同类型的生态分布区和品种及其子粒色泽多样性存在较大差异.硬粒型品种及其子粒色泽多样性指数最大,品种数最多,占地方种质总数的58.2%;其次是半马齿型和糯质型品种,子粒颜色以黄、白色为主,分别占品种总数的43.3%和42.8%,其他颜色较少.糯质型品种主要集中分布于滇南和滇中两大生态区,存在不同的品种类型和丰富的种质资源,以及水平分布的区域性和立体分布的生态特点.硬粒型玉米品种的多样性与云南省的耕地成分、分布状况、人们种植和利用玉米的目的及用途密切相关.糯质玉米的丰富性、多样性和生态分布特点主要与云南省各民族人民的民族饮食文化密切相关。     

玉米“3414”不完全施肥研究

采用"3414"不完全施肥试验方案设计,研究单种玉米在淡灰钙土条件下的土壤供肥量、作物吸收养分量、土壤养分丰缺指标等参数,提出相应的推荐施肥量。结果表明:在该土壤类型条件下单种玉米施纯N 330 kg/hm2、P2O590 kg/hm2、K2O 90 kg/hm2,玉米可获得较好的经济产量。     

CIMMYT玉米种质AC8328BNC1的耐瘠性研究

采用不完全随机区组设计,通过玉米品种和施肥水平两因素试验,对玉米生物学和经济学性状作变异度分析,对小区产量作方差分析和对单位产量作差数百分率分析,以系统鉴定CIMMYT玉米种质AC8328BNC1的耐瘠性.结果表明:①AC8328BNC1具有较强的耐低氮和低磷能力,有良好的丰产性和广泛的适应性,是一个优良的国外玉米种质资源,应加大研究和利用力度;②在低肥力土壤上,更应重视玉米科学合理施肥的重要性和追第二次肥的必要性。     

中美玉米生产贸易与比较优势分析——基于成本效益与生产率的视角

在分析中美玉米生产贸易变化趋势的基础上,按照李嘉图比较优势理论研究中国和美国玉米生产的相对比较优势。结果表明,美国玉米生产资金和技术密集决定了美国玉米生产具有明显的竞争优势。与美国相比,中国在玉米生产的土地生产率、技术效率等方面偏低。在相对比较优势方面,中国玉米生产比大豆生产稍具优势,与其他粮食作物相比均不具备比较优势。提高中国玉米生产效益、降低玉米生产成本,需要规范农资市场,实现适度规模经营,加强玉米生产技术集成创新与推广,改造中低产田,实施“沃土工程”。     

如何提高吉林省玉米的市场竞争力

分析了国内外玉米市场的现状和吉林省玉米品质下降的原因以及吉林省玉米在国内外市场上竞争力低的原因,指出吉林省玉米生产加工中存在的主要问题,提出几点解决方法。     

Changes in phosphorus fractions in three tropical soils amended with corn cob and rice husk biochars

ABSTRACT

The formation of phosphorus (P) compounds including iron-P, aluminum-P and calcium-P in highly weathered tropical soils can be altered upon biochar addition. We investigated the effect of corn cob biochar (CC) and rice husk biochar (RH) pyrolyzed at three temperatures (300°C, 450°C and 650°C) on phosphorus (P) fractions of three contrasting soils. A 90d incubation study was conducted by mixing biochar with soil at a rate of 1% w/w and at 70% field capacity. Sequential P fraction was performed on biochar, soil and soil-biochar mixtures. Increase in most labile P (resin-P_i, NaHCO₃-P_i) and organic P fraction (NaHCO₃-P_o + NaOH-P_o) in CC and RH biochars were inversely related to increasing temperature. HCl-P_i and residual P increased with increasing temperature. Interaction of CC and RH with soils resulted in an increase in most labile P as well as moderately labile P (NaOH-P_i) fractions in the soils. CC increased most labile P in the soils more than RH. The increase in most labile P fraction in soils was more significant at relatively lower temperatures (300°C and 450°C) than 650°C. However, the increase in HCl-P_i and residual P of the soils was more predominant at high temperature (650°C). The study suggested that biochar pyrolyzed at 300–450°C could be used to increase P bioavailability in tropical soils.     

Agronomic Traits of Corn Fertilized with Sewage Sludge

Although research on the environmental impacts of using waste as a fertilizer is of great importance, the basic principle for using a product as fertilizer is that it should provide nutrients for plants without causing any harm to them. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic traits (number of nodes, plant height, leaf number, yield, and protein content of grains) and the nutritional status of corn treated with sewage sludge. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Jaboticabal in a Red Latosol. A randomized block design with four treatments (0, 55, 110, and 167.5 Mg ha^?1 of sewage sludge) and five repetitions was used. At 30 days after emergence (DAE), the dose of 110 Mg ha^?1 dry weight presented greater values for plant height, leaf number and stem diameter. At 60 DAE, the treatments did not affect the agronomic traits. No influence from the treatments tested was observed for protein content of grains and yield. The dose of 167.5 Mg ha^?1 showed greater weight of 100 seeds. All treatments showed nutritional imbalances. This study confirmed the agricultural potential of sewage sludge as a source of nutrients.