Soil carbon and nitrogen changes as affected by tillage system and crop biomass in a corn–soybean rotation

A wide range of tillage systems have been used by producers in the Corn-Belt in the United States during the past decade due to their economic and environmental benefits. However, changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON) and crop responses to these tillage systems are not well documented in a corn–soybean rotation. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different tillage systems on SOC and SON, residue C and N inputs, and corn and soybean yields across Iowa. The first experiment consisted of no-tillage (NT) and chisel plow (CP) treatments, established in 1994 in Clarion–Nicollet–Webster (CNW), Galva–Primghar–Sac (GPS), Kenyon–Floyd–Clyde (KFC), Marshall (M), and Otley–Mahaska–Taintor (OMT) soil associations. The second experiment consisted of NT, strip-tillage (ST), CP, deep rip (DR), and moldboard plow (MP) treatments, established in 1998 in the CNW soil association. Both corn and soybean yields of NT were statistically comparable to those of CP treatment for each soil association in a corn–soybean rotation during the 7 years of tillage practices. The NT, ST, CP, and DR treatments produced similar corn and soybean yields as MP treatment in a corn–soybean rotation during the 3 years of tillage implementation of the second experiment. Significant increases in SOC of 17.3, 19.5, 6.1, and 19.3% with NT over CP treatment were observed at the top 15-cm soil depth in CNW, KFC, M, and OMT soil associations, respectively, except for the GPS soil association in a corn–soybean rotation at the end of 7 years. The NT and ST resulted in significant increases in SOC of 14.7 and 11.4%, respectively, compared with MP treatment after 3 years. Changes in SON due to tillage were similar to those observed with SOC in both experiments. The increases in SOC and SON in NT treatment were not attributed to the vertical stratification of organic C and N in the soil profile or annual C and N inputs from crop residue, but most likely due to the decrease in soil organic matter mineralization in wet and cold soil conditions. It was concluded that NT and ST are superior to CP and MP in increasing SOC and SON in the top 15 cm in the short-term. The adoption of NT or CP can be an effective strategy in increasing SOC and SON in the Corn-Belt soils without significant adverse impact on corn and soybean yields in a corn–soybean rotation.     

风和风沙流对玉米幼苗叶片膜透性和膜保护系统的影响

为了解玉米幼苗对风和风沙流危害的生理响应机制,2013年春季在内蒙古自治区东部科尔沁沙地研究了0 m·s-1(CK)、6 m·s-1、9 m·s-1、12 m·s-1、15 m·s-1和18 m·s-1等6个风速下净风和风沙流(风沙流强度相应为0g·cm-1·min-1、1.00 g·cm-1·min-1、28.30 g·cm-1·min-1、63.28 g·cm-1·min-1、111.82 g·cm-1·min-1和172.93 g·cm-1·min-1)10 min吹袭对玉米幼苗叶片膜透性影响及其膜保护系统响应。结果表明,净风吹袭下,随风速增强,玉米幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性趋于增加,膜透性和过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量呈波动式变化;其中12~18 m·s-1处理的SOD活性,6 m·s-1和12~18 m·s-1处理的POD活性,6 m·s-1和12 m·s-1处理的CAT活性,以及6 m·s-1处理的可溶性糖含量和18 m·s-1处理的脯氨酸含量显著高于CK。风沙流吹袭下,随着风沙流强度增大,玉米幼苗MDA含量、SOD活性和可溶性糖含量趋于下降,但膜透性和POD活性显著增强,除18 m·s-1处理的脯氨酸外,其他处理的CAT活性和脯氨酸含量变化不显著。结果说明,短暂的净风吹袭对于玉米幼苗叶片的细胞膜危害不明显,而风沙流胁迫致其细胞膜结构受损严重;风和风沙流胁迫下对细胞膜起到保护作用的主要是POD,在18 m·s-1大风和风沙流胁迫下脯氨酸起到了渗透调节作用。     

青贮方式对青贮玉米饲料品质及“平凉红牛”育肥效果的影响

青贮方式会影响青贮饲料的品质,进而影响到青贮饲料的饲喂效果。为筛选出青贮效果好,青贮饲料报酬及育肥效益高的玉米青贮方式。基于牛只体况,年龄、体重相近的原则,选取24头12月龄的“平凉红牛”阉牛作为试验对象。随机分为2组,每组12头,对照组饲喂窖贮青贮玉米+精饲料,试验组饲喂裹包青贮玉米+精饲料,共饲喂90 d,比较裹包青贮玉米和窖贮青贮玉米感官品质、营养品质及其育肥效果和经济效益。结果表明:不同青贮方式下,全株玉米感官品质无差异,但全株玉米裹包青贮组干物质、粗蛋白、淀粉、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙和磷含量均显著高于窖贮青贮组(P < 0.05);饲喂裹包青贮+精饲料组的“平凉红牛”平均日增重较窖贮青贮+精饲料组高7.14%,每头牛日纯利润比窖贮青贮+精饲料高3.24元。综上所述,裹包青贮方式可有效保存饲料原料养分,且饲喂效果明显。     

Zn、B、Mn微肥提高玉米产量与品质的研究

研究结果表明,不同浓度Zn、B、Mn微肥处理对促进玉米生长、提高玉米产量与秸杆品质,增加生物学产量及经济产量均有效果。     

玉米热风干燥中对流换热系数和当量导热系数的确定

以玉米作为热风干燥物料，在垂直热吹风干燥实验中，建立了干燥速率与对流换热系数的关系式。提出了由干燥速率来确定热风与玉米的对流换热系数，进而求取厚层玉米当量导热系数的实验方法     

Comparison of Laboratory Methods and an In Situ Method for Estimating Nitrogen Mineralization in an Irrigated Silt‐Loam Soil

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) mineralization makes a considerable contribution to crop‐available N and is difficult to estimate. Reliable methods for measuring N mineralization are needed to produce data sets for developing N‐mineralization models, as a component in fertilizer recommendation algorithms, and to assess the effect of management practices on N mineralization. Numerous methods are available for estimating N mineralization. Laboratory methods are relatively easy but may not reflect conditions in the field, and field methods are usually labor‐intensive. A study was conducted to compare N‐mineralization estimates using anaerobic and aerobic laboratory methods and an in situ field method for the 0‐ to 15‐cm depth of a silt loam soil under irrigated corn (Zea mays L.). Mineralization estimates were also compared to N mineralization based on crop N content. Estimates of N mineralization were 101 kg ha^?1 for the anaerobic laboratory method, 284 kg ha^?1 for the aerobic laboratory method, and 134 kg ha^?1 for the in situ field method. The in situ field method provided a reasonable estimate of N mineralization (0 to 15 cm) when compared to the estimate of mineralized N (root zone) based on crop N content (215 kg ha^?1). The in situ field method can be used to measure N mineralization during the growing season and for comparing N mineralization among management practices.     

运用直线加平台法确定黑土区玉米氮磷施肥量

施肥量的确定一直是玉米高产栽培研究的主要课题之一。分别运用肥料效应函数法和直线加平台法,对按照直线加平台法设计的在黑土上春玉米的田间试验结果进行了统计分析,发现利用直线加平台法设计的田间试验结果也可以用来建立肥料效应函数,并根据肥料效应函数求得相应的施肥量。利用肥料效应函数得到的最高产量推荐施氮量和最大利润推荐施氮量分别为107.4 kg hm-2和103.2 kg hm-2,而最高产量推荐施磷量和最大利润推荐施磷量分别45.5 kg hm-2和41.3 kg hm-2。利用直线加平台法得到氮、磷的推荐施肥量分别为73.9和38.0 kg hm-2,明显低于用肥料效应函数法求得的推荐施肥量。对于肥料效应函数无法处理的试验数据,利用直线加平台法仍然可以对实验数据进行处理并得出实验结果,后者是肥料效应函数法的补充。     

世界玉米供求状况及趋势分析

本文首先从玉米生产、消费、期终库存及国际贸易等四个方面对世界玉米供求状况做了全面分析,然后利用往年数据建立回归方程,并对未来五年的玉米生产、消费、库存和出口量做趋势分析,并在此基础上,简单分析了世界和中国粮食安全所面临的形势。     

覆膜对不同施肥条件下玉米拔节期光合参数与荧光参数的影响

为探明覆膜对早春东北黑土玉米叶片光合生理特征的影响,在大田条件下,研究了覆膜对不同施肥条件下玉米拔节期叶片光合参数与叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:覆膜能够显著增加不同施肥条件下玉米拔节期叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用率,而对其他光合参数如细胞间隙CO2浓度和气孔限制值影响不显著.就施肥条件而言,覆膜对N、P处理玉米拔节期叶片光合参数的影响明显强于其他施肥处理.覆膜能够增加施P和PK处理玉米拔节期叶片Fm、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo值,而显著降低了施NPK处理玉米拔节期叶片相应的荧光参数,覆膜对其他施肥处理玉米拔节期叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响不显著.     

黄淮海平原地区夏玉米农田土壤呼吸的动态研究

本文通过对黄淮海平原地区玉米生长季土壤呼吸的测定表明:该地区土壤呼吸日变化呈现单峰曲线;土壤呼吸季节变化大体呈现随温度变化的趋势,最大值出现在8月10日左右;土壤呼吸受5cm地温的影响最大,达到极显著水平。施有机肥对土壤呼吸影响较大,氮磷配施也增加了土壤呼吸量,免耕比耕翻有较少的土壤呼吸量。运用DNDC模型模拟土壤呼吸变化趋势和土壤呼吸变化通量均与田间实测的比较接近,可以用来模拟分析黄淮海平原地区农业土壤碳氮的循环。