奶山羊过食玉米中毒的血液学研究

20只假定健康奶山羊进行了玉米中毒的研究,现仅将血液学研究报道于后:一次经瘤胃瘘管给予40、60、80g/kgwt王米粉,分别可致奶山羊中毒、出现严重症状和病亡;内毒素及乳酸中毒是本病的本质,中后期尚有氨的作用;pH下降,乳酸增加,白细胞总数及血小板减少,内毒素检测及血浆鱼精蛋白副凝集试验阳性,是本病在血液学方向的主要特征。     

不同比例羊草与青贮饲料在奶牛瘤胃内干物质降解率的研究

为测定不同比例羊草与青贮饲料(分别为100:0,0:100,20:80,70:30,60:40,50:50)在奶牛瘤胃内干物质降解率,本试验以3头装有永久瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用瘤胃尼龙袋法对各配比组干物质降解率进行了比较研究。结果表明:不同配比组其干物质瘤胃降解率分别为32.66%,37.65%,38.05%,34.06%,39.38%,39.44%。说明当羊草与青贮配比50:50～60:40时,干物质降解率高于其他各组。     

降雨和风干对玉米秸秆青贮品质的影响

选取蜡熟期去穂玉米秸秆粉碎后分为模拟降雨组(通过人工喷水模拟降雨,每2h喷洒一次,每次喷水2l/t,一天3次)、风干组(自然风干6h)、对照组(不做任何处理),研究降雨和风干对玉米秸秆青贮品质的影响。结果表明:3组干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)含量均呈下降趋势。青贮50d时,对照组DM显著高于模拟降雨组但低于风干组(P<0.05),干物质损失率均显著低于两试验组(P<0.05),CP含量显著高于模拟降雨组和风干组(P<0.05);模拟降雨组可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量在青贮过程中始终处于最低水平,青贮50d时,WSC仅为4.87%,显著低于风干组和对照组(P<0.05);3组的pH值均在青贮前5d显著降低(P<0.05),对照组在青贮10d后pH值降低到4.0以下且检测不到霉菌,风干组在青贮20d时检测不到霉菌;青贮50d时,对照组乙酸、乳酸和乳酸菌含量均显著高于两试验组(P<0.05),NDF含量、NH_3-N含量、pH值和酵母菌显著低于两试验组(P<0.05),此时模拟降雨组检测到霉菌,其他两组均未检测到霉菌。因此,青贮时应避免雨淋和风干,蜡熟期去穂玉米青贮时水分为75%较为适宜。     

玉米浸渍过程中乳酸菌区系的变化

以ＭＲＳ乳酸培养基和修改的ＭＲＳ培养基研究了玉米浸渍过程中乳酸菌区系的变化，并探讨了玉米浸琐过程中浮酸发酵与玉米浸渍液成分的关系。     

C4光合作用关键酶PEPC的反应机制

磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)在C4和CAM植物的光合作用中起着非常重要的作用。综述了该酶的催化反应机制及其调控方面的研究进展。     

不同精料添加量对绵羊饲料瘤胃降解的影响

6只8月龄小尾寒羊公羊（平均体重为29.98kg），安装永久性瘤胃瘘管。采用对比试验设计，分150g/d、250g/d、350g/d、450g/d四个混合精粒水平，玉米秸自由采食。采用铬标记法测定饲料瘤胃流通量，采用尼龙袋法测定饲料瘤胃降解率。试验结果表明：玉米秸、玉米面、麸皮和棉仁粕的营养物质瘤胃有效降解率与精料水平之间以及饲料瘤胃流通速度（k）与精料水平之间均存在二次函数关系。饲料k值均在日喂250g精料时最大，之后又随精料水平的提高而下降，所测饲料营养成分瘤胃有效降解率在350－450g精粒水平之间最高，个别饲料营养成分瘤胃有效降解率在250－350g精料水平之间达最大值，因此，为提高秸秆利用率及日粮的合理利用，以精粒添加量不大于350g为宜。     

Effect of dietary polymer-coated urea and sodium bentonite on digestibility,rumen fermentation,and microbial protein yield in sheep fed high levels of corn stalk

Four ruminally cannulated thin-tailed Han×Dorper crossbreed wethers were used in a 4×4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the effect of polymer-coated urea (PCU) (Optigen II, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) and sodium bentonite (SB) on intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention, rumen fermentation and microbial nitrogen in sheep fed high levels of corn stalk. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric dietary treatments composed of 60% corn stalk and 40% concentrate (DM basis) were offered twice daily in two equal portions at 7:00 and 19:00 h ad libitum to ensure about 5% ort. The treatments were control (CON), PCU (soybean meal replaced by 1.8% Optigen), SB (CON diet with an additional 2% SB), and PCUSB (PCU diet with an additional 2% SB). Sheep on PCU treatment showed a greater OM digestibility (P<0.05), and nitrogen digestibility (P<0.01) compared to other treatments, but digestibility of other nutrients and dry matter intake (DMI) did not change. SB did not alter nutrient digestibility except for nitrogen. Different treatments did not affect nitrogen intake, or its urinary excretion. Nitrogen retention tended to be higher (P=0.09) in sheep fed Optigen. Moreover, purine derivatives (PD) and microbial nitrogen were not influenced by different treatments. The pH and total VFA were also not influenced by the treatments. Propionate proportions increased (P<0.01) in diets that included Optigen, but an addition of SB to Optigen did not alter the ratios. NH₃–N levels in PCU continuously increased, with the highest level achieved 3 h after feeding, which were sustained for up to 7 h. No differences were discerned in ruminal kinetics of corn stalk DM for different treatments. The PCU improved the effective degradability (ED) of corn stalk DM in 0.02 or 0.04 flow rates out of the rumen compared to both CON and PCUSB (P<0.05), but SB improved ED in 0.06 flow rates out of the rumen compared to CON. Thus, using Optigen as a new source of non-protein nitrogen to replace soybean meal in sheep fed high levels of corn stalk improved the digestibility of OM, nitrogen, and ED. Addition of SB to Optigen had no beneficial effects on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention, microbial nitrogen, or rumen fermentation and ED.     

Effect of hammer mill retention screen size on fiber separation from corn flour using the Elusieve process

Corn is widely used as animal feed as well as for fuel ethanol production. Fiber present in corn is not digested well by non-ruminants such as chicken and swine. Also, this fiber does not participate in conversion of starch to ethanol. Fiber separation from ground corn flour using the Elusieve process, a combination of sieving and elutriation (air classification) results in high starch animal feed, and in increased ethanol productivity. The objective of this study was to understand the effect of retention screen size in the hammer mill on fiber separation from corn flour using the Elusieve process. Four different retention screen opening sizes were studied; 1.4 mm (3.5/64”), 2.0 mm (5/64”), 2.8 mm (7/64”) and 3.2 mm (8/64”). Ground corn flour was sieved into size fractions and the size fractions were subjected to air classification. As the retention screen size increased, fiber separation improved, and the difference in starch content between enhanced flour and original flour increased. The highest starch content of 64.1-65.2% was in the enhanced flour from Elusieve processing of corn flour obtained by using 3.2 mm (8/64”) retention screen in the hammer mill, while the starch content of the original corn flour was 62.5%. It is expected that at some threshold retention screen size, the fiber separation using the Elusieve process would be deteriorated. This threshold retention screen size was not reached in this study.     

玉米感染不同致病性玉米大斑病菌后SOD活性的动态变化

[目的]探讨SOD活性与玉米对玉米大斑病的抗性的关系。[方法]采用菌盘接种法将不同致病性的玉米大斑病菌YC和01-23T接种玉米叶片,并测定被侵染后玉米的SOD活性的动态变化。[结果]接种玉米大斑病菌强毒菌株YC和弱毒菌株01-23T后,在1～5 d内玉米叶片SOD活性表现出明显的阶段性:1～3 d逐渐降低,3～4 d逐渐回升,4～5 d又下降;但在1～4 d内,接种处理的玉米叶片SOD活性均高于未接种处理,第5天才显著降低。病菌致病性不同,引起的玉米叶片SOD活性变化不同,其中弱毒菌株01-23T侵染第1天SOD活性极显著高于强毒菌株YC侵染,但2～3 d时与强毒菌株YC无显著差异。[结论]SOD活性对于玉米的抗病菌初始侵染能力具有非常重要的作用,但在发病后抗病菌扩展方面的作用不显著。