铜对苋菜生长、光合作用和矿质含量的影响

[目的]了解铜对植物生长的抑制作用。[方法]以苋菜品种红苋为试材,采用盆栽试验,分4次添加CuSO4溶液,使土壤铜浓度达到4.0 mmol/kg,研究铜处理对苋菜生长、光合作用和矿质含量的影响。[结果]18 d龄苋菜幼苗经4.0 mmol/kg铜处理7 d后,叶的扩展受到明显抑制。尽管第3对叶(TL)比第2对叶(SL)铜积累量高,但TL净光合速率下降程度低于SL。铜处理后,叶片因扩展速度减慢而成为弱库,淀粉和蔗糖在叶片中积累,使光合作用受到反馈抑制,而根系糖含量变化不大。铜主要在根系中积累,过量的铜影响苋菜对钙、钾和镁矿物质的吸收和向上转运,从而明显影响矿物质在苋菜体内的分布。[结论]铜处理造成苋菜对矿质养分吸收的不平衡,并减少向上的转运量。     

铜胁迫对绿豆幼苗生理指标的影响

[目的]研究铜胁迫对绿豆幼苗生理指标的影响。[方法]以不同浓度的铜溶液为培养液,研究Cu2+对绿豆幼苗活性氧清除系统及叶绿素含量的影响。[结果]当Cu2+浓度在0~70 mg/L梯度内,绿豆幼苗的SOD活性、POD活性和叶绿素均呈先上升后下降的趋势,当Cu2+浓度为50 mg/L时,SOD活性和POD活性为最大值,随着浓度增大,活性下降;低浓度Cu2+促进叶绿素的合成,当Cu2+浓度为20 mg/L时,绿豆幼苗叶绿素含量最高,随着浓度增大,叶绿素含量明显下降。[结论]铜胁迫明显影响活性氧清除酶系统,导致绿豆幼苗活性氧代谢失调。     

Cu^2＋胁迫下一氧化氮对小白菜生长状况及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以四季小白菜为试材,研究了Cu^2＋胁迫下一氧化氮对小白菜生长状况及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：Cu^2＋胁迫使小白菜生长受到抑制,Fv／Fm和ФPSⅡ降低;Cu^2＋浓度为100—1000μmol／L时,300μmol／L硝普钠能缓解Cu^2＋胁迫对小白菜造成的伤害。     

铜尾矿对五种牧草生长情况的影响

通过盆栽实验,分析了铜尾矿对五种牧草生长发育和重金属抗性的影响。结果表明,百喜草、狗牙根、苇状羊茅能在铜尾矿上正常生长,实验草种的优劣势比较结果依次为:百喜草1.00>狗牙根0.98>苇状羊茅0.85>黑麦草0.73>苏丹草0.55。百喜草、狗牙根、苇状羊茅被认为是铜尾矿植被恢复与重建的优良先锋草种,并具有较强的重金属抗性。     

Response of forest soil properties to urbanization gradients in three metropolitan areas

We investigated the effects of urban environments on the chemical properties of forest soils in the metropolitan areas of Baltimore, New York, and Budapest. We hypothesized that soils in forest patches in each city will exhibit changes in chemistry corresponding to urbanization gradients, but more strongly with various urban metrics than distance to the urban core. Moreover, differences in parent material and development patterns would differentially affect the soil chemical response in each metropolitan area. Results showed that soil chemical properties varied with measures of urban land use in all three cities, including distance to the urban core, which was an unexpected result. Moreover, the results showed that the spatial extent and amount of change was greater in New York than in Baltimore and Budapest for those elements that showed a relationship to the urbanization gradient (Pb, Cu, and to a lesser extent Ca). The spatial relationship of the soil chemical properties to distance varied from city to city. In New York, concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Ca decreased to approximately background concentrations at 75 km from the urban core. By contrast, concentrations of these elements decreased closer to the urban core in Baltimore and Budapest. Moreover, a threshold was reached at about 75% urban land use above which concentrations of Pb and Cu increased by more than twofold relative to concentrations below this threshold. Results of this study suggest that forest soils are responding to urbanization gradients in all three cities, though characteristics of each city (spatial pattern of development, parent material, and pollution sources) influenced the soil chemical response.     

Effect of sodium molybdate supplementation on high concentrations of Cu in liver of yearling bulls

AIM: To determine the impact of sodium molybdate treatment, given weekly, on concentrations of Cu in liver, activity of liver enzymes, and weight gain over 4 weeks, in yearling bulls with elevated concentrations of Cu in liver.

METHODS: The study was carried on two commercial grazing farms in the Otago region of New Zealand in yearling Friesian bulls (n=150 on Farm A and n=49 on Farm B) with mean concentration of Cu in liver >3,000 µmol/kg fresh weight. On Day 0, all animals were weighed and half were systematically allocated to treatment with sodium molybdate (3?mg/kg liveweight on Farm A and 7?mg/kg liveweight on Farm B); the remainder received no treatment (Control). Sodium molybdate was given as a drench weekly for 4 weeks and all animals were weighed again on Day 28. Ten animals on each farm (five from each treatment group) were systematically selected for blood sampling and liver biopsies on Days 0 and 28. Samples were analysed for concentrations of Cu in plasma, vitamin B₁₂ in serum, activities of γ–glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase in serum, and concentrations of Cu and vitamin B₁₂ in liver. Separate multivariable linear models were used to compare the change in outcome variables between Days 0 and 28 between bulls that had been drenched with sodium molybdate or not.

RESULTS: On Farm A, mean concentrations of Cu in liver on Day 28, as a percentage of concentrations on Day 0, for the control group was 55 (95% CI=40–73)% and for the treatment group was 73 (95% CI=43–111)%. On Farm B, the equivalent mean for the control group was 75 (95% CI=42–131)% and for the treatment group was 85 (95% CI=38–134)%. The multivariable linear models indicated that the changes in concentrations of Cu in liver, activities of liver enzymes and weight gain between Days 0 and 28 did not differ between the bulls treated or not with sodium molybdate (p>0.18).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Treatment with sodium molybdate in one bolus at weekly intervals for 4 weeks did not affect concentrations of Cu in liver, activity of liver enzymes or weight gain in animals with high concentrations of Cu liver on two farms.     

Spray volume and fungicide rates for citrus black spot control based on tree canopy volume

The control of citrus black spot (CBS) caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa relies mainly on fungicide sprays. Generally, high and non-standardized spray volumes are adopted and the sprays are based on litre per tree or per hectare. However, the tree canopy volume may vary with age, density and variety, and this is expected to impact on the spray volume and fungicide rates needed for disease control. This study evaluated the efficacy of different fungicide spray volumes and rates for CBS control based on the tree-row-volume (TRV) concept. Two field trials were carried out during three seasons in São Paulo state, Brazil. Trials were set up in commercial orchards of late-maturing ‘Valencia’ sweet orange grown for juice production. In field trial 1, the volumes tested were 125 (standard), 100 (internal runoff point), 75 (intermediate) and 50 (half the internal runoff point) mL of spray mixture/m³ of the tree canopy. In field trial 2, 100 and 50 mL/m³ were evaluated. The fungicide rates ranged from 40 to 110 mg of metallic copper/m³ and from 1.9 to 4.7 mg of pyraclostrobin/m³. Untreated control trees (UTC) were kept unsprayed. CBS incidence and severity, premature fruit drop, yield, fungicide deposition and spray coverage were evaluated. All spray volumes tested reduced CBS incidence and severity on fruit at 75–95% and resulted in 1.6–3.0-fold higher yields than the UTC. However, a slight trend of more CBS symptoms and fruit drop, and lower yield was observed for trees treated with 50 mL/m³ compared to those treated with higher volumes. Spray volume change, from 125 to 75 mL/m³, irrespective of fungicide rate correction, led to a 40% reduction of CBS spray costs and water usage and increased the financial return of the control by up to 35%. TRV-based sprays may contribute to sustainable citrus production by reducing costs and environment impacts while maintaining efficient CBS control.     

The influence of variation in soil copper on the yield and nutrition of cauliflower grown in organic soil microplots

Abstract

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea Botrytis cv. Snow Crown) was grown in field microplots of an organic soil containing residual fertilizer Cu varying from 81 to 1063 ppm (w/w) as a result of three levels of Cu applications made in the previous two seasons. The variation in soil‐Cu was found to have no significant influence on the yield, nutrition or copper status of the crop.     

ACQ和CuAz防腐处理对木材力学性能的影响

采用水溶性铜防腐剂(ACQ)和铜唑类防腐剂(CuAz)加压浸注处理臭冷杉木材,研究了药液处理浓度和后期干燥条件对木材抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度的影响。t检验表明,本试验条件下,经两种防腐剂处理后,木材的抗弯弹性模量保持不变或略微增加。通过分析与对照素材试件的t检验比较,表明两种防腐剂处理前、后木材的抗弯弹性模量差异不显著。ACQ和CuAz防腐处理对木材抗弯强度有一定影响,ACQ处理使得木材抗弯强度整体上略有下降,而CuAz处理由于保持量相对较低,对木材抗弯强度未见明显下降趋势。后期干燥方式对木材抗弯强度亦未见明显规律性的影响。