Comparing Copper Requirements of Faba Bean,Chickpea, and Lentil with Spring Wheat

Abstract

The copper (Cu) requirement of four crop species was measured in a glasshouse experiment using yield of dried shoots and Cu content (Cu concentration multiplied by yield of dried shoots) of 62 day old plants grown in two different alkaline soils. The species compared were faba bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fiord), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. cv. Tyson), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik cv. Digger), and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Stretton). The comparative Cu requirement of the species was determined from yields of dried shoots when no Cu fertilizer was applied, the amount of applied Cu required to produce the same percentage of the maximum (relative) yield of dried shoots, and the Cu content of dried shoots. The concentration of Cu in youngest tissue and in dried shoots was used to determine critical concentrations of Cu in tissue associated with 90% of the maximum yield. Faba bean used indigenous soil Cu more effectively than wheat, followed by chickpea and then lentil. As measured using both shoot yield and Cu content in shoots, the Cu requirement was lowest for faba bean, and increased in the order faba bean < wheat < chickpea < lentil. Copper concentration in dried youngest tissue and in dried shoots increased with an increase in the amount of added Cu. The critical Cu concentration in the youngest tissue was (mg Cu/kg): 4.6 for lentil, 2.6 for chickpea, 1.5 for wheat, and 2.8 for faba bean; corresponding values for dried shoots (mg Cu/kg) were 6.3 for lentil, 3.3 for chickpea, 2.8 for wheat, and 3.0 for faba bean.     

木材防腐的研究进展

从木材防腐性能的研究、防腐剂有效成分的固着率和抗流失性、防腐处理后木材的胶合固化以及力学性能等4个方面重点综述了国内外用环保型防腐剂氨溶烷基胺铜和硼酸盐类化合物处理防腐木材的研究现状,提出今后木材防腐技术开发和研究的方向。     

铜、镉、敌敌畏和甲胺磷对南美白对虾幼虾的急性致毒及相互关系

在恒温(25±1℃)和充气条件下,研究了铜、镉、敌敌畏和甲胺磷对南美白对虾的急性致毒效用,得到了铜、镉、敌敌畏、甲胺磷对幼虾的24hLC50、48hLC50、72hLC50、96hLC50,四种毒物的安全浓度分别为0.008、0.001、7.6×10-4、7.8×10-4mg/L,四种毒物的毒性大小顺序为甲胺磷＞敌敌畏＞Cd2+＞Cu2+.铜与敌敌畏、甲胺磷对南美白对虾幼虾的联合毒性作用为相加作用,镉与敌敌畏、甲胺磷的联合毒性作用为拮抗作用.     

摇摆病奶牛体内铜状态及其与NO水平的关系

为探明枘本中反映铜状态的几个重要标识与奶牛摇摆病之间的关系，并阐述奶牛体内NO水平及自由基的含量在该病发生中的作用，实验抽样测试了病区及非病区同年生奶犊牛血清铜、全血铜含量及血浆铜氧化酶（CP）、血清超氧化物歧化酶（CuZn-SOD）的活性；同时也检测了全血总自由基相对含量及血清NO含量。实验结果表明：病区奶牛化物歧化酶CuZn-SOD活性极显著地高于非病区奶牛（P＜0.01），并且病区发病奶牛与临床健康奶牛相比，该酶活性差异显著（P＜0.05）；病区奶牛CP活性显著低于非病区，同时病区临床健康牛与病牛间该酶活性差异显著（P＜0.05）；发病牛与病区临床健康牛的血清铜及全血铜之间的差异不显著（P＞0.05）；病区奶牛NO含量显著低于非病区而自由基含量显著高于非病区。结论 CuZn－SOD及CP更能反映机体内缺铜的程度；铜缺乏导致的机体自由基堆积和NO水平的改变也是该病发生的重要因素。     

高铜饲粮对生长育肥猪肌肉和肝脏组织的影响

选用120头体重约35kg三元杂(长白×约克×杜洛克)生长育肥猪进行试验,研究在饲粮中添加高剂量铜对猪组织的影响。将试验猪随机分为5个处理,每个处理3个重复栏,每个重复10头。各处理添加的铜的剂量分别为:对照组8.0mg/kg、处理1组150.0mg/kg、处理2组225.0mg/kg、处理3组300.0mg/kg、处理4组375.0mg/kg。研究结果表明:(1)处理1、2、3、4组猪肝脏显著大于对照组(P<0.05);处理4组也显著大于处理1、2组(P<0.05)。(2)处理2、3、4组猪肝脏、肌肉组织铜含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);处理4组也显著高于处理1、2、3处理组(P<0.05)。(3)处理1、2、3、4组猪肝脏、肌肉组织细胞线粒体的正常结构受到损坏,有的线粒体内已看不到线粒体嵴。     

Migration of Copper with Wheat Straw in Soil under the Alternate Dry-Wet and Eluviation Conditions

ABSTRACT

The migration of heavy metals in soil relates to the soil type and cultivation practices. It is necessary to examine the migration changes of heavy metal under the specific areas of concern. Straw returning to the field is one essence of traditional agriculture; the migration of copper (Cu) in agricultural soil of Henan province, China, with and without wheat straw under alternate dry-wet and eluviation conditions was studied in this paper. Experiments examined the morphological changes of Cu among different bound fractions of exchangeable (EXC), carbonate (CAR), iron and manganese oxide (OX), organic matter (OM), and residual (RES) under different conditions. Results showed along with the addition of wheat straw in the soil, the CAR and OX fractions decreased while the OM and RES fractions increased, at the same time, the EXC fractions decreased at high Cu concentration and increased at low Cu concentration. In addition, the EXC and CAR fractions of Cu increased and the RES fractions decreased when the Cu concentration rose under dry-wet alternate conditions. In the eluviation experiment, the release amount and rate of Cu improved along with the addition of wheat straw. Although wheat straw could make the distribution of Cu turn into the more stable fractions such as RES, the heavy metal was unstable and much easier to dissolve into the leaching water in the course of heavy metal migration. According to the results, it was suggested the wheat straw returning to the field should comprehensively consider the local conditions.     

Microbial and enzyme properties of apple orchard soil as affected by long-term application of copper fungicide

Copper-based fungicides have been applied in apple orchards for a long time, which has resulted in increasing soil Cu concentration. However, the microbial and enzyme properties of the orchard soils remain poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of long-term application of Cu-based fungicides on soil microbial (microbial biomass carbon (C_mic), C mineralization, and specific respiration rate) and enzyme (urease, acid phosphatase, and invertase activities) properties in apple orchards. Soil samples studied were collected from apple orchards 5, 15, 20, 30, and 45 years old, and one adjacent forest soil as for reference. The mean Cu concentrations of orchard soils significantly increased with increasing orchard ages ranging from 21.8 to 141 mg kg⁻¹, and the CaCl₂-extractable soil Cu concentrations varied from 0.00 to 4.26 mg kg⁻¹. The soil mean C_mic values varied from 43.6 to 116 mg kg⁻¹ in the orchard soils, and were lower than the value of the reference soil (144 mg kg⁻¹). The ratio of soil C_mic to total organic C (C_org) increased from 8.10 to 18.3 mg C_mic g⁻¹ C_org with decreasing orchard ages, and was 26.1 mg C_mic g⁻¹ C_org for the reference soil. A significant correlation was observed between total- or CaCl₂-extractable soil Cu and soil C_mic or C_mic/C_org, suggesting that the soil Cu was responsible for the significant reductions in C_mic and C_mic/C_org. The three enzyme activity assays also showed the similar phenomena, and declined with the increasing orchard ages. The mean soil C mineralization rates were elevated from 110 to 150 mg CO₂-C kg⁻¹ soil d⁻¹ compared with the reference soil (80 mg CO₂-C kg⁻¹ soil d⁻¹), and the mean specific respiration rate of the reference soil (0.63 mg CO₂-C mg⁻¹ biomass C d⁻¹) was significantly smaller than the orchard soils from 1.19 to 3.55 mg CO₂-C mg⁻¹ biomass C d⁻¹. The soil C mineralization rate and the specific respiration rate can be well explained by the CaCl₂-extractable soil Cu. Thus, the long-term application of copper-based fungicides has shown adverse effects on soil microbial and enzyme properties.     

改性橙皮对废水中Cu2＋的吸附研究

[目的]考察了改性橙皮对水溶液中Cu2＋的吸附效果,为橙皮资源的应用提供理论基础。[方法]采用静态吸附实验,考察了pH、初始浓度、吸附剂用量,吸附时间及温度等因素对吸附的影响,并通过正交试验,确定最佳吸附条件。[结果]在投加量为0.5 g,pH为7.0,吸附温度为60℃,溶液初始浓度为10 mg/L,振荡时间为80 min的条件下,对Cu2＋的吸附率可达97.5%。与未改性橙皮相比,改性橙皮对Cu2＋的吸附效果大大提高。[结论]化学改性的橙皮对废水中的重金属有一定的吸附能力,这对实现资源综合利用具有很高的应用价值。     

铋膜电极差分脉冲溶出伏安法同时测定食物中的锌和铜

[目的]研究用铋膜电极代替汞膜电极同时测定食物中锌和铜元素含量的新方法。[方法]以预镀铋膜的玻碳电极作为工作电极,饱和甘汞电极作为参比电极,铂电极作为辅助电极,采用差分脉冲溶出伏安法同时测定黄豆和板栗样品中锌和铜元素的含量。考察了镀铋液浓度、底液的种类和浓度、初始电位、电沉积电位、终止电位及电位增量等对试验结果的影响。[结果]在1.0 mol/L硫氰化钾底液中,锌和铜均有灵敏的溶出峰,线性范围分别为0.20～12.00和0.10～6.00μg/ml,检出限分别为2.08、5.49μg/L,回收率为91.20%～104.50%。在所选择的电位范围内,铋膜稳定性较好,多次测定锌和铜的峰电流基本不变。[结论]铋膜电极差分脉冲溶出伏安法简便快速、灵敏度高,适合于食物中锌和铜元素含量的同时分析。     

水杨酸对铜胁迫下小麦种子萌发及抗氧化代谢的影响

[目的]研究水杨酸（SA）促进铜胁迫下小麦种子的萌发及其对萌发过程中氧化胁迫的缓解效应。[方法]采用不同浓度的CuCl2模拟金属铜胁迫梯度处理小麦种子,以小麦种子发芽率达到对照的50%时,为铜胁迫对小麦种子萌发的半抑制浓度;用SA预处理小麦种子6 h后,置于半抑制浓度的铜胁迫条件下,研究小麦种子的发芽状况,检测种子中的铜含量,并探究萌发的种子中过氧化物酶（POD）活性和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性2个抗氧化指标的变化。[结果]SA能显著促进铜胁迫下小麦种子的萌发;经SA预处理的种子中铜含量明显低于对照;经SA预处理的小麦种子中POD和CAT的活性均明显高于对照。[结论]SA能促进小麦种子的萌发,提高小麦种子的抗氧化能力,同时还可以通过降低种子中的铜含量来缓解其对种子的胁迫效应。