Evaluation of Mehlich 3 for Extraction of Copper and Zinc from Irish Grassland Soils and for Prediction of Herbage Content

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine how the extractant Mehlich 3 (M3) compared with other methods currently used in Ireland for determination of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in soils. Samples from eight different mineral soil types, four of sandstone/shale and four of limestone origin, were analyzed for copper and zinc using M3 and conventional extractants. Herbage samples were taken from the soils and analyzed for Cu and Zn. Mehlich 3 results showed good correlation with ethylenediamine‐tetraacetic acid (EDTA)– and diethylenetriamine‐pentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Cu and Zn. Inclusion of soil properties in multiple regression models improved the coefficients of determination. All extractants were equal in their ability to predict Cu and Zn herbage content. Differences between sandstone/shale and limestone soils in relation to herbage content were also found, with the better relationship found in sandstone/shale soils.     

Perineal hernia repair in the dog by transposition of the internal obturator muscle

Summary

A modified technique for transposition of the internal obturator muscle was used to repair perineal hernias in 100 dogs. Complications and long‐term results are described. The most important complications were wound infection (45%), faecal incontinence (15%), and perineal fistula (7%). These complications often occurred in combination. The recurrence rate of perineal hernia was 5%.

Nine of the 15 patients with faecal incontinence had paresis of the external anal sphincter or faecal incontinence before surgery. We suggest that in numerous patients, faecal incontinence is a complication of the condition rather than a complication of treatment. The owner's assessment of the surgical result was good in 71% and moderate in 18% of the cases.     

Chronic hepatitis in Doberman pinschers. A review

Summary

Chronic hepatitis in Doberman pinschers is predominantly seen in female dogs, usually between 4 and 7 years of age and was first recognized in the early eighties. The histopathological characteristics of Doberman hepatitis are those of micronodular cirrhosis with histological features of fibrosis, piece meal necrosis and progressive lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration of the portal triads. Currently there are two hypotheses on the pathogenesis although neither of them has been elucidated. The first hypothesis is that of a copper toxicosis. The second is that of autoimmunity. Similarities and differences with other breeds and studies on both hypotheses are reviewed, as well as results of recent research of our group. Based on recent findings chronic hepatitis in Doberman pinschers is most likely to be a form of copper toxicosis. Although there are several indications that suggest autoimmunity as well, this still remains unclear.     

Using sodium molybdate to treat chronic copper toxicity in dairy cows: A practical approach

Abstract

CASE HISTORY: A Jersey herd of 350 cows and 70 heifers located in the Taranaki region of New Zealand ceased milking in June 2011. Ten cows died during the subsequent 14 days. For at least 9 months, the cows had received palm kernel expeller (PKE) and molasses supplements. Additional Cu supplementation was provided through the water system. Total Cu intake was calculated to be 400?mg/day/cow.

CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS: Half of the cows died suddenly while others presented with anorexia, depression and ataxia, which progressed to recumbency and death after 1 to 3 days. Clinical signs were mild dehydration, cyanosis and firm faeces which were covered in dark blood. Mean concentrations of Cu in liver and kidney in three of the dead cows were 3,900 and 440?µmol/kg fresh weight (FW), respectively. Haemorrhages were observed throughout the alimentary tracts and in muscles, and there were ecchymotic haemorrhages on the epi- and endocardia. The livers were swollen and the gall bladder walls were inflamed.

DIAGNOSIS: High concentrations of Cu in the liver and kidney are characteristic findings of chronic Cu toxicity.

TREATMENT: The remaining herd was fed 200?mg Mo, as sodium molybdate, per cow per day and all Cu supplements were removed including those provided by the water supply. This reduced mean concentrations of Cu in liver from 3,100 to 1,320?µmol/kg FW within 26 days in the five live animals that were biopsied. There were no further deaths.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In dairy herds where excessive Cu intakes have resulted in high liver Cu concentrations and caused chronic Cu toxicity, the removal of all Cu supplements and provision of high intakes of Mo (200?mg/cow/day) can markedly reduce liver Cu stores within 4 weeks.     

石墨炉原子吸收法在测定日本对虾体中铅、铜含量的应用

采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定日本对虾体中的Pb、Cu。结果测得Pb为0.1152mg/kg、Cu为6.4493mg/kg。Cu的含量明显高于Pb，表明日本对虾对Cu有一定的富集能力。测定回收率，Pb为99.0%－101.0%，Cu为98.0%－98.8%。此方法可靠、简便。     

Excess Copper‐Induced Oxidative Damages and Changes in Radish Physiology

Abstract

To identify the detrimental effects of excess copper in radish (Raphanus sativus) cv. Jaunpuri, plants were grown in refined sand at control (0.001) and 0.1 and 0.2 mM (excess) copper (Cu) supplied as Cu sulphate. Previously plants were maintained for 24 days in complete nutrient solution and on the 25th day, excess Cu was superimposed. After 6 days of metal supply, the visible effects of excess Cu appeared as retardation in growth and interveinal chlorosis of young leaves; chlorosis intensified later with the development of irregular brown spots on lamina. Excess Cu not only reduced the size of leaves but also affected adversely the root development. In radish, Cu toxicity decreased the fresh weight, biomass, root weight, concentrations of total and active iron, chlorophyll, activities of antioxidative enzymes catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX), starch phosphorylase (ST) and acid phosphatase (AP) with concomitant increase in Cu accumulation in different parts. These effects were more pronounced at 0.2 than 0.1 mM Cu.     

Role of Mycorrhiza in a Wheat–Flax versus Canola–Flax Rotation: A Case Study

Early-season growth of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was reduced in the field following canola (Brassica napus L.) compared to rotation with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This effect was associated with reduced formation of arbuscular mycorrhizae in flax caused by rotation with canola. Greater uptake of copper (Cu), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) was seen for flax after wheat. Mycorrhizal stimulation of uptake of these elements likely relates to their immobility in soil. The ratio of biomass of flax after wheat to flax after canola was 1.6. Corresponding ratios of nutrient uptake were 1.5 to 1.8 for Cu, P, and Zn but were between 1.2 and 1.4 for macronutrients other than P. These data illustrate the importance of consideration of a range of nutrients for concentration, uptake, and ratios of uptake among treatments to evaluate the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizae. Rotation of flax after canola should be avoided.     

铜胁迫对粉葛幼苗生长及生理指标的影响

近年来,由铜导致的土壤污染逐渐加重,严重影响了药用植物的品质。本实验通过水培法,研究施用不同浓度的铜离子对粉葛幼苗生长及生理指标的影响,旨在为粉葛的安全种植提供一定科学依据。研究结果表明：铜胁迫处理对粉葛幼苗的生长具有低促高抑的作用,在铜离子浓度为0 mg·L^-1、0.01 mg·L^-1、0.03 mg·L^-1时,叶片舒展,叶色发绿,生长良好,但当浓度为0.06 mg·L^-1和0.1 mg·L^-1时出现叶缘发黄、甚至凋落死亡。随着铜离子浓度增大,叶片的叶长增长率和叶宽增长率均呈先增后降趋势,在0.03 mg·L^-1时达到最大。在生理指标方面,低浓度铜离子（0.01 mg·L^-1、0.03 mg·L^-1）处理时,SPAD值和可溶性蛋白含量均呈现升高趋势,高浓度铜离子（0.06 mg·L^-1、0.1 mg·L^-1）处理时,两者均呈现降低趋势,且在高浓度下随着铜胁迫处理的时间延长,SPAD值持续下降。粉葛幼苗中丙二醛含量、相对电导率和可溶性糖的含量均随着铜离子浓度的升高而逐渐增大。     

不同土地利用方式土壤对铜、镉离子的吸附解吸特征

采用一次平衡法对Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺在城市及城郊农田、林地、草地3种土地利用方式土壤中的吸附解吸过程进行比较研究, 结果表明: Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺在3种土地利用方式土壤中的吸附量均随平衡液浓度的增加而增大, Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺在农田土壤上的吸附量均高于林地和草地土壤。分别用Langmuir和Freunlich两种等温吸附方程对吸附过程进行拟合, 3种土壤对Cu²⁺的吸附过程运用Langmuir方程拟合效果好, 而对Cd²⁺的吸附过程运用Freunlich方程拟合效果更好。Cu²⁺在3种土壤的解吸量大小顺序为农田>林地>草地, Cd²⁺在3种土壤的解吸量大小顺序为农田>草地>林地。两种离子在3种土壤中的动态吸附是个快速反应的过程, 随时间延长, 吸附反应趋于平衡。运用双常数函数方程和Elovich方程能较好地拟合重金属在土壤上的吸附动力学过程。Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺的吸附与土壤黏粒含量、有机质含量、CEC和pH均有关。