唐山地区玉米秸秆中铁、铜含量及其与成熟度的相关性

[目的]为确定唐山各地区添加剂的用量和平衡饲料中微量元素的含量提供理论基础。[方法]采用高温灰化法对玉米秸秆进行前处理,并采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定唐山地区玉米秸秆中铁、铜的含量,分析其与秸秆成熟度的相关性。[结果]唐山6个地区玉米秸秆中铁、铜含量不同,部分地区之间存在显著差异。乐亭地区玉米秸秆中铁含量最高,而遵化地区铁含量最低。滦县玉米秸秆中铜含量最高,而丰南地区铜含量最低。在遵化地区3种成熟度的玉米秸秆中,遵化(青)和遵化(黄)的铁、铜含量均明显高于遵化(冬)。[结论]唐山各地区玉米秸秆中铁、铜的含量不仅存在地区差异,而且受其成熟度的影响。     

土壤铜形态与环境因素的关系及其对黑麦草生长的影响

采用盆栽试验研究酸度与氮素水平对土壤易溶态铜形态的影响,以及土壤铜含量与形态对黑麦草生长的影响。结果表明,土壤水溶态铜、有机碳结合态铜、离子态铜与铜处理水平呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别达到0.70、0.96、0.61。土壤酸度影响土壤中各形态铜的含量,随pH值降低土壤水溶态铜、离子态铜均显著增加,在pH4.7土壤上二者的含量随铜处理浓度的不同分别为pH6.0土壤上的1.6～6.3倍和39～148倍,两种土壤上水溶态铜、离子态铜含量差异达显著水平。铜处理水平、水溶态铜、有机碳结合态铜、离子态铜含量均强烈影响黑麦草的生长和其对铜的吸收,牧草鲜重与各形态铜呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.73、-0.76、-0.71、-0.72,而植株铜含量则与各形态铜间呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.61、0.87、0.56、0.87。土壤氮素水平影响土壤溶解有机碳的含量,但对土壤各种铜的形态及牧草对铜的吸收并无显著影响。     

The impact of highly concentrated Mo and Cu dietary supplements,fed as a bolus,on the efficacy of chelated versus inorganic Cu in cattle on a low-Cu diet

AIM: To compare the efficacy of chelated versus inorganic forms of dietary Cu supplements, fed as a bolus, when challenged by a daily bolus of dietary Mo in cattle on a low-Cu diet.

METHODS: Forty non-lactating, Friesian dairy cows of adequate Cu status were assigned to four groups and fed a basal diet of baled silage containing 5.3 mg Cu and 0.4 mg Mo/kg DM. The experimental design was a factorial of two chemical forms of supplemental Cu and two levels of Mo intake, provided as pelleted grain supplements made from crushed barley/molasses plus Cu and Mo. The supplements contained 140 mg Cu/kg as Cu sulphate pentahydrate (CS), 140 mg Cu/kg as Cu glycinate (CG), CS plus 38 mg Mo/kg as sodium molybdate (CS+Mo), or CG plus 38 mg Mo/kg (CG+Mo). Commencing on Day 0, supplements were fed once daily (offered 1–1.2 kg/cow) and were completely consumed within 5–10 minutes, which constitutes a bolus type of administration. Liver samples were collected by biopsy at Days ?24, 13, 41 or 47, and 69 for Cu determinations.

RESULTS: The diets fed to the Cu+Mo groups were roughly equivalent to 25 mg Cu and 5.7 mg Mo/kg DM. Mean initial concentration of Cu in liver for all groups was 516 (SE 54) μmol Cu/kg fresh tissue. In cows supplemented with CS and CG, the final (Day 69) concentrations increased (p<0.01) to 939 (SE 166) and 853 (SE 163) μmol Cu/kg, respectively. These values were not different (p=0.72). For groups CS+Mo and CG+Mo, the final concentrations of 535 (SE 122) and 453 (SE 102) μmol Cu/kg were not different from initial values or from each other (p>0.25). The rate of accumulation of Cu in liver following bolus Cu and Mo intake was highly variable but was not affected by initial concentration of Cu in liver (p>0.9) or by the form of Cu (p>0.6). Mean rates of accumulation of Cu in liver were 4.0 (SD 3.8) and 0.65 (SD 2.0) μmol Cu/kg fresh tissue/day for the Cu-only treatments and the Cu+Mo treatments, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: When fed together as a bolus, high Mo intake negated the effect of supplemental Cu but it did not reduce liver Cu stores. There was no difference in the reaction of dietary Mo with chelated Cu (as glycinate) versus inorganic Cu (as sulphate) dietary supplements.     

铜盐毒害对紫鸭跖草养分吸收和生长的影响

通过含有不同浓度CuSO4的Hoagland营养液培养紫鸭跖草枝条,研究了紫鸭跖草对铜的耐性和超积累以及铜胁迫下紫鸭跖草生长和营养状况.结果表明:紫鸭跖草根部铜的积累量低浓度Cu2 供应时增加幅度不大,高浓度Cu2 供应时增加幅度较大;茎部的情况与根部相似;但叶部在低浓度Cu2 供应时铜的积累量几乎没有变化,高浓度Cu2 供应时铜的积累量增幅较大.在500 μmol · L-1和1 000 μmol · L-1铜处理下,紫鸭跖草整株铜积累量分别为866 mg · kg-1(DW)和1 130 mg · kg-1(DW).紫鸭跖草对铜的吸收和转运效率与铜的供给量呈正相关性.100～250 μmol · L-1铜的供应能明显促进紫鸭跖草生长.高浓度铜促进了钾、钙的吸收而阻碍了锌的吸收及镁向地上部分的运输,尽管如此,氮、磷、钾、镁、钙的浓度均在满足常规植物正常生长的浓度范围内.铜胁迫下对根部蛋白质表达活跃,氨基酸含量增加.研究结果表明紫鸭跖草对铜有很大耐性和富集能力.     

铜胁迫对小白菜叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

利用透射电镜技术对铜胁迫下2个小白菜品种（“五月慢”和“上海青”）叶肉细胞超微结构的变化进行了观察。结果表明：未胁迫下,小白菜叶肉细胞中各细胞器结构完整。铜胁迫下,两个小白菜品种单位面积叶绿体数目随铜处理浓度的增大而减少。“五月慢”叶肉细胞超微结构在10mg&#183;L^-1、20mg&#183;L^-1铜处理下叶绿体受损较轻,在高铜胁迫（40mg&#183;L^-1、50mg&#183;L^-1）下,叶绿体被膜破损,线粒体嵴减少,出现晶体结构。“上海青”叶肉细胞超微结构随铜浓度的升高损伤不断加重,在高浓度铜胁迫下出现质壁分离,叶绿体内、外膜解体消失,线粒体嵴混乱,有泡状小球出现。以上结果还表明,“五月慢”较“上海青”耐铜。     

Assessment of microbial activity and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere of a copper accumulator and a non-accumulator

Soil microorganisms may play an important role in the uptake of heavy metals from soils. However, assessments of bacterial activity and community composition in the rhizosphere of accumulators have been largely ignored. We studied potential effects of a copper (Cu)-accumulator, Elsholtzia splendens, and a non-Cu-accumulator plant, Trifolium repens, on soil microbial activity and community composition with increasing Cu addition. The results showed that concentrations of Cu in the shoots of E. splendens were 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4 times those of T. repens under the treatment of different Cu concentrations. Soil microbial biomass and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of E. splendens were higher than those of T.repens. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) fingerprint analysis revealed that addition of Cu decreased the number of bands in bare soil and soil with T. repens. However, there was a significant increase in the number of bands in soil with E. splendens incorporated with either 200 or 500 mg kg⁻¹ Cu. The abundances of five phylogenetic groups related most closely to -, β-, γ-proteobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and CFB group, respectively, were determined in the rhizosphere of plants. Some specific clone such as E13 (metal-contaminated soil clone K20-64) was found in the rhizosphere of E. splendens. Results indicated that E. splendens, as a Cu-accumulator, played an important role in governing soil microbial activity and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere in response to Cu stress.     

微量元素铜的营养与免疫研究进展

从铜缺乏、中毒、营养需要及其标识等方面综述铜的营养特性和生物学功能研究进展。在此基础上结合营养免疫学方面的研究,详述有关铜影响动物免疫功能的研究结果。     

油菜体内铜和锌的化学形态与分配特征研究

采用连续浸提法研究油菜体内铜和锌的化学形态。在幼苗期,各种化学形态的铜和锌主要在地下部积累,向地上部的转运相对较少。铜在幼苗体内以活性较强的水溶态和醇溶态为主,锌在幼苗体内以活性较低的酸溶态和残留态为主。在成熟期,锌仍然是以活性较低的酸溶态和残留态含量相对较高,在植株体内的相互转运较弱。根和种子中各种化学形态的铜和锌的含量高于叶和荚壳,说明在成熟期,铜和锌均向油菜籽实中积累     

铜对鲤鱼损害的电镜X射线显微分析

用电镜X射线显微分析法,研究铜在鲤（Cyprinus carpio）肝细胞和肾细胞中的分布和相对含量,从细胞水平探讨鲤的铜中毒机理。结果表明,铜进入鲤体内后,在肝细胞、肾细胞的溶酶体中分布最多,溶酶体旁、细胞核次之,细胞质内最少,中毒组与正常组差异显著。鲤中毒后肝细胞核膜扩张、线粒体呈空泡状,溶酶体数量增多、体积增大;肾小管上皮细胞核膜扩张,线粒体肿胀,嵴断裂。