重金属Cu的土壤微生物毒性研究

Cu进入土壤后的早期阶段 ,低浓度对土壤微生物生物量有刺激作用 ,而高浓度则起抑制作用 ;表现在微生物呼吸强度升高 ,微生物生理生态参数代谢商 qCO2 增大 ,微生物生物量碳与有机碳的比值 (Cmic/Corg)降低 ;但土壤对Cu高强的结合容量导致该效应随时间而变得不显著 ;Biolog数据表明 ,在Cu的胁迫下 ,不仅微生物的群落结构有所改变 ,而且对碳源的优先利用种类发生了转移 ,碳源消耗量增加 ,消耗速度变快 ,同时这样的损伤效应具有长期性。     

离子强度和pH对可变电荷土壤与铜离子相互作用的影响

研究了离子强度和pH对可变电荷土壤表面电荷与铜离子吸附的影响。作为对照 ,也研究了它们对恒电荷土壤黄棕壤的有关性质的影响。结果表明 ,随pH升高 ,土壤的表面负电荷增加 ,正电荷减少。对于可变电荷土壤 ,可出现电荷零点 (pH0 )。随pH升高 ,土壤对Cu2 的吸附量增大。随着离子强度增大 ,恒电荷土壤对Cu2 的吸附百分率明显降低 ,可变电荷土壤对Cu2 离子的吸附百分率也降低 ,但降低的幅度比恒电荷土壤者小得多。土壤中氧化铁的含量越高 ,降低的幅度越小。对于含 2 1 %左右游离氧化铁的铁质砖红壤 ,即使支持电解质NaNO3的浓度高达 1molL- 1,对Cu2 的吸附仍然几乎没有影响。从离子强度和pH与土壤表面电荷和铜离子吸附的关系 ,可以推测在土壤对铜离子的吸附中 ,既存在电性吸附 ,又存在专性吸附。在可变电荷土壤对铜离子的吸附中 ,专性吸附较为重要     

红壤中丛枝菌根真菌对污泥态铜生物有效性的影响

以玉米为宿主植物 ,研究了不同污泥量 (0、1 %、4% )施入红壤后接种丛枝菌根真菌Acaulosporalaevis、Glomuscaledonium和Glomusmanihotis对菌根侵染率、孢子密度、玉米生长和铜生物有效性的影响。结果表明 ,施用 1 %的污泥可增加接种A laevis的菌根侵染率和孢子密度 ,其玉米地上部和地下部生物量也有显著增加 ,而不接种 (含土著菌根真菌 )、接种G caledonium和G manihotis的菌根侵染率、孢子密度、玉米地上部和地下部生物量却有显著下降 (p<0 0 5 )。施用 1 %的污泥时接种A laevis降低了玉米地上部铜浓度 ,而接种G caledonium和G manihotis却增加了玉米地上部铜浓度 ,另外 ,接种处理增加玉米根部对铜的吸收总量。不同的菌根真菌对重金属的耐受力是不同的 ,只有施入一定的污泥量即在一定污染程度下才能发挥菌根真菌A laevis对污染土壤的修复作用     

塿土表面铜吸附解吸的动力学特征及滞后效应

采用间歇法发现土娄土及不同处理土样对铜离子的吸附过程遵循二级反应动力学方程 ,吸附速率常数ka 呈 :土娄土 >去OM土娄土 >去Ca土娄土 >去Ca、OM土娄土 ;解吸过程符合两点位一级动力学方程 ,第一点位解吸速率常数kd1大于第二点位解吸速率常数kd2 ;各土样解吸速率常数的大小顺序与ka相反 ;吸附 解吸之间的滞后效应用ka/kd来衡量 ,滞后程度大小与ka大小顺序一致     

钙离子和镁离子对小白菜铜急性毒性的影响

[目的]为了解土壤中的Cu毒性的机制及污染防控。[方法]采用单因素控制试验,单独变化Ca2+和Mg2+一种离子浓度来研究其对小白菜Cu毒性的影响。[结果]随着Ca2+和Mg2+浓度的增加,以总Cu浓度表示的小白菜根伸长的半抑制浓度(EC50CuT)线性增加2倍,而以自由Cu2+活度表示的小白菜根伸长的半抑制浓度(EC50Cu2+)没有随着Ca2+和Mg2+浓度的改变而发生显著变化。[结论]利用自由Cu2+活度可以较准确地评价Cu对小白菜的毒性。     

铜对水生动物生理及毒性作用研究进展

综述了铜在水生动物体内的蓄积、分布及影响因素,过量铜对组织的损伤作用,铜对抗氧化酶、代谢酶和Na+-K+/ATPase活性的影响,以及铜在机体非特异性免疫和金属硫蛋白合成诱导中的作用。     

木材表面化学镀处理技术

现实生活中电子产品在室内环境中的运用日益增多,为解决木质产品的电磁屏蔽性,将电子产业成熟的化学沉积金属镀工艺技术引入到木材处理中,阐述了化学镀的机理及其在木材加工中的利用,以木材化学镀铜、镀金工艺为例,从其研究进展、处理工艺、质量评价等方面分析了木材化学镀铜、镀金处理后材料的性能以及生产应用的可行性.     

野桑蚕铜锌超氧化物歧化酶基因的克隆分析与原核表达

超氧化物歧化酶是野桑蚕保护酶体系的重要酶类。利用RT-PCR方法克隆出野桑蚕铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD)cDNA(EMB I登陆号:AM410997),其开放阅读框ORF长465 bp,编码154个氨基酸。同源性及系统进化分析表明,推导出的氨基酸序列与3种果蝇的同源性平均为69.3%,与线虫为57%,各物种中与Cu/Zn结合的残基高度保守。利用ExPASy的ScanProsite以及PSort和TMpred对此编码的蛋白质结构和功能域分析,预测出其具有2段Cu/Zn-SOD特异序列,且该蛋白不存在信号肽以及跨膜区。将Cu/Zn-SOD cDNA克隆到pET-28 a(+)表达载体,测序鉴定后以IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定其表达的融合蛋白质分子量为19.4 kD。     

Temporal changes in texture, gaping, composition and copper status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L) fed moist feed or extruded dry feed

Temporal development in product quality and copper status was investigated in Atlantic salmon (initial weight 2.3 kg) fed alginate-based moist feed (MF) or commercial extruded dry feed (DF). The fieldwork was conducted from January to May in sea-cages (800 m³) off the Norwegian west coast. The dry matter content (DM) in the muscle of the MF group was stable at about 32% throughout the experiment, while the DM of DF group increased linearly from 32% to 35%. Salmon were sampled for analyses of Cu status, fillet gaping, texture and pH in March and April. The serum Cu content of the MF group was highest in March, but no significant effect of dietary treatment was observed on Cu status of muscle or liver. The Cu level in serum and muscle decreased from March to April in both fish groups, but the hepatic Cu level showed no temporal changes. Gaping incidence and pH were higher in the MF group in April compared with the DF group and, for both fish groups, fillet gaping was higher and hardness was lower in April than in March. Variation in serum Cu level explained 32% of the variation in fillet hardness, and serum and muscle Cu level related negatively with gaping. At the end of the experiment the condition factor, and fillet and visceral fat contents were higher in the DF group, while sensory evaluated hardness and tastiness were similar for both dietary treatments. In conclusion, sampling time had a greater impact on Cu status, texture and gaping than dietary treatment during springtime in adult Atlantic salmon. Dietary treatment significantly affected body shape, and fat and dry matter contents.     

Studies on rickets and osteomalacia in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus)

Epidemiological studies have indicated incidences of 32.9% and 27.8% for rickets and osteomalacia, respectively, in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus), but there is an increased incidence under drought conditions, sometimes reaching 75%. We have found that concentrations of phosphorus and copper in forage and soil samples in a drought affected area were significantly lower than in a control area or normal reference values (P < 0.01) ; the mean Ca:P ratio in the forages was 50:1. The phosphorus content of blood and hair from affected camels was significantly less than that in controls (P < 0.01) and concentrations of copper in the liver and kidney were significantly lower in affected camels than control animals (P < 0.01); the concentrations of triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroxine (T(4)) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the serum from affected animals were significantly higher than those from healthy controls (P < 0.01); serum inorganic phosphorus and ceruloplasmin levels were lower than those in the controls (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05); the concentrations of serum alpha-globulin and beta-globulin were significantly higher in the affected camels than in the healthy controls (P < 0.01). The pathological changes seen in camels affected with rickets included porous, brittle, light, osteoporotic bones that were susceptible to fractures and had less resistance to cutting and sawing. Wrist joints were enlarged with an apparent bowing of the long bones in forelimb and with typical broadening of the epiphyses. In adult female camels, many enlarged scars were often seen in ribs indicating earlier fractures. The disease could be cured with supplementary bone meal, phosphate or mineral mixtures and in field investigations clinical signs disappeared within 15 days. Over the same period, the concentrations of phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase in blood returned to normal. The disease may be effectively prevented by use of mineral blocks (block salt licks) or dosing orally with copper, selenium and cobalt soluble glass boluses. We conclude that rickets and osteomalacia are mainly caused by phosphorus and copper deficiencies in the pasture.