退耕还湿对三江平原七星河湿地土壤有机碳累积的影响

[目的]为研究退耕还湿时土壤有机碳含量的影响提供一定的理论基础。[方法]以三江平原腹地七星河湿地为研究对象,并以周边农田为参照,研究退耕还湿的湿地以及天然湿地中土壤有机碳含量的分布特征,并与三江平原其他区域的湿地土壤有机碳含量进行比较。[结果]七星河湿地土壤层0-15cm的有机碳含量处于32．69-45．33g/kg之间,且随土壤深度的增加呈下降趋势。七星河湿地有机碳含量在三江平原地区处于中等水平;开垦改变土壤环境条件和土壤有机碳的空间分布格局,降低湿地土壤有机碳储量,退耕还湿有利于土壤有机碳的积累。[结论]湿地植被类型是影响湿地土壤有机碳含量的一个重要因素。退耕还湿10年的芦苇湿地土壤表层有机碳含量大于退耕还湿10年的小叶章湿地的土壤表层有机碳含量。     

北洛河流域植被恢复的支撑体系

北洛河流域自实行退耕还林政策以来取得了显著成效,但是实践证明植被恢复不是简单的种树种草,必须要根据生态学原则合理种植,既要有技术支撑,还必须考虑到退耕后农民的生存问题,也就是粮食与能源的问题,并要保证农民有一定的经济收入,最后指出要解决好以上问题,必须靠国家政策的支撑。     

亚洲象难产转化一例

通过对昆明动物园一头16岁的亚洲象分娩过程，对其由初、中期出现难产症状转化为顺产过程的观察，认为分娩时间超过1h后胎儿迟迟不产出，即可判定发生了某些难产。提出应加强对象等大型、珍稀动物繁殖期的特殊饲养管理，逐步建立针对性的专用兽医技术，才能减少难产发生时的盲目性，提高处置决策正确率。     

我国木质能源的利用和发展

综述了我国木质能源利用的历史和现状，对今后可能的发展趋势作了一定的预测。     

紫花苜蓿蓄水保土功能与经济效益分析

研究了退耕还林地种植的一年生紫花苜蓿蓄水保土功能并进行了经济效益分析。结果表明：在退耕还林地上种植紫花苜蓿可显著改善土壤的物理性状，增加土壤孔隙度，减少土壤容重，防止水土流失.减少土壤侵蚀作用十分显著。其茎叶持水率可达自身重量的34.3％，其根系大部分分布在0～30cm土层内。生物量为5.892t/hm^2，年产干草30.0～37.5t/hm^2，直接经济效益达18000～22500元/hm^2。其生态效益与经济效益均十分显著。     

中西部地区退耕还林还草模式探讨

在将我国退耕还林还草工程区划分为 2个大区 9个类型区的基础上 ,研究了每个大区的退耕还林还草基本技术思路和每个类型区的退耕还林还草模式 ,包括其类型区域范围、自然资源特点、社会经济特点、主要限制因子、基本技术思路、林草类型结构、植被恢复方式、植被恢复技术、主要树种草种、经营管护方式等     

低效林人工改造技术浅议

从低效林概念、类型和特征分析入手，对低效林人工改造的基本原则和技术方法进行了论证，并介绍了几种成功的改造模式。     

川南几种竹种退耕还林植被恢复研究

本文用空间代时间的方法研究了长宁县竹林退耕还林在时间序列上的植被恢复特点。除毛竹外,和一般树种相比,竹类恢复为森林的时间较短,3 a~5 a即可成林。但竹种类型间成林速度存在差异,丛生竹成林最快,散生竹较慢。梁山慈竹和硬头黄竹退耕后可以一次成林,毛竹退耕可先进行农林复合经营直到群落郁闭。随着竹林的恢复,草本层生物量逐渐减少,地被物层生物量增加,各竹种新生个体的生态位逐渐扩大。人工栽植5 a的毛竹扩散规律研究结果表明,随着毛竹栽植时间的延伸,毛竹产生的新竹数目增多,个体变大,距离变远(170 cm),也存在大小年变化。人工促进竹林植被恢复速度明显较快。     

Spatial patterns in mixed coniferous even-aged,uneven-aged and conversion stands

Different methodological approaches from the field of spatial statistics, the index of cluster size (ICS) and quadrat methods such as the two-term and three-term local quadrat variance (TTLQV and 3TLQV) and the new local variance (NLV) were tested to find a simple spatial measure to classify mixed coniferous uneven-aged, even-aged and conversion stands in the central Black Forest area of Germany. Altogether six stands were analysed with regularly distributed sample plots of 0.25 ha (50×50 m), each subdivided into 25 quadrats of 10×10 m. In each of the quadrats, diameter at breast height (dbh) for trees of the overstory (dbh>7 cm) was assessed and classified into three diameter classes. Height measurements were used to develop specific stand height curves for each stand and to calculate the standing volume per tree and per quadrat. The even-aged stands showed a regular distribution of the standing volume, while the conversion and uneven-aged stands were more clustered. This was detected using ICS, which proved to be a simple but very efficient measure for stand structure. The ICS also showed a highly random distribution of small and medium trees and a regular distribution of large trees of the overstory in the uneven-aged stand. Large and medium trees of one even-aged stand were also regularly distributed while conversion stands showed a regular, random or slightly clustered distribution of these trees. The more uneven the ages in the stands were, the larger were the phases detected by the NLV. The findings of the ICS were generally supported by the TTLQV and 3TLQV. The more uneven the ages in a stand were, the less clustered were the trees of different sizes of the understory. Clustering also decreased with increasing height of understory trees. The patterns detected in the investigated stands were related to the effect of different management regimes. Implications for the management of conversions stands based on the findings of the study are given.     

Molasses as C source for heterotrophic bacteria production on solid fish waste

The drumfilter effluent from a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) can be used as substrate for heterotrophic bacteria production. These bacteria can be reused as aquatic feed. In RAS drumfilter effluents are organic carbon deficient for bacteria production. This is due to nitrogen accumulation in the system water. In the present experiment, a bacteria growth reactor (3.5l) was connected to the drumfilter (filter mesh size 60 μm) outlet of a recirculation system. To counteract carbon deficiency, different supplementation levels of molasses (organic carbon) were tested (carbon fluxes of 0.0, 3.2, 5.8, 7.8, 9.7 gC molasses/l/d; C:N ratios: 3.4, 6.4, 9.4, 13.0 and 16.5). The hydraulic retention time in the bacteria reactor was 6 h. For the maximum flux, the VSS and crude protein productions were about 168 gVSS and 95 g crude protein per kg feed. The maximum conversion of nitrate and ortho-phosphate was 24 g NO₃₋N and 4 gP/kg feed. This equals a conversion of 90% of the inorganic nitrogenous waste and 98% of the ortho-phosphate-P. Furthermore the maximum substrate removal rate and the K_s for molasses were determined (1.62 gC/l/h and 0.097 gC/l respectively). The maximum specific removal rate was 0.31 gC/gVSS/h and the related half saturation constant was 0.008 gC/l. The observed growth rate reached a maximum for C fluxes higher than 8 g/l/d. The present integration of heterotrophic bacteria production in RAS represents, therefore, an innovative option to reduce waste discharge by conversion. If the bacteria are reused as feed, system's ecological sustainability increases.