水稻苗期耐冷性的QTL定位分析

为水稻苗期耐冷性QTL定位克隆研究提供实验素材,以213个IR24/Asominori重组自交家系(RIL)为作图群体,并以141个SSR标记构建的分子连锁图谱为基础,结合苗期低温处理后亲本和213个RILs的苗期死苗率,运用QTL IciMapping 4.0软件进行水稻苗期耐冷性QTL检测及其遗传效应分析。结果表明:在第6、第11和第12染色体上检测到3个苗期耐冷性QTL,分别命名为qCTS-6、qCTS-11和qCTS-12。这3个QTL的LOD值分别为3.194 3、4.688 2和3.797,对应表型变异的解释率分别为5.662 7%、8.549 6%和12.787 7%,且抗性等位基因均来自苗期耐冷亲本Asominori。     

Denitrification losses from puddled rice soils in the tropics

Summary Although denitrification has long been considered a major loss mechanism for N fertilizer applied to lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) soils, direct field measurements of denitrification losses from puddled rice soils in the tropics have only been made recently. This paper summarizes the results of direct measurement and indirect estimation of denitrification losses from puddled rice fields and reviews the status of research methodology for measurement of denitrification in rice fields. The direct recovery of (N₂+N₂O)-¹⁵N from ¹⁵N-enriched urea has recently been measured at sites in the Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia. In all 12 studies, recoveries of (N₂+N₂O)-¹⁵N ranged from less than 0.1 to 2.2% of the applied N. Total gaseous N losses, estimated by the ¹⁵N-balance technique, were much greater, ranging from 10 to 56% of the applied urea-N. Denitrification was limited by the nitrate supply rather than by available C, as indicated by the values for water-soluble soil organic C, floodwater (nitrate+nitrite)-N, and evolved (N₂+N₂O)-¹⁵N from added nitrate. In the absence of runoff and leaching losses, the amount of (N₂+N₂O)-¹⁵N evolved from ¹⁵N-labeled nitrate was consistently less than the unrecovered ¹⁵N in ¹⁵N balances with labeled nitrate, which presumably represented total denitrification losses. This finding indicates that the measured recoveries of (N₂+N₂O)-¹⁵N had underestimated the denitrification losses from urea. Even with a probable two-or threefold underestimation, direct measurements of (N₂+N₂O)-¹⁵N failed to confirm the appreciable denitrification losses often estimated by the indirect difference method. This method, which determines denitrification losses by the difference between total ¹⁵N loss and determined ammonia loss, is prone to high variability. Measurements of nitrate disappearance and ¹⁵N-balance studies suggest that nitrification-denitrification occurs under alternate soil drying and wetting conditions both during the rice cropping period and between rice crops. Research is needed to determine the magnitude of denitrification losses when soils are flooded and puddled for production of rice.     

杂交稻与常规稻的光谱特性差异初步分析

通过杂交晚稻和常规晚稻的反射光谱试验,发现杂交稻由于其生长发育特性及株型的差异,在整个生长期内其反射光谱特性与常规晚稻有着明显的差异。     

不同基因型稻米混配及蒸煮对抗性淀粉含量的影响

采用L4(23)正交试验法,以抗性淀粉含量高品系功米3号的精米为主要材料,研究其与不同基因型籼稻、粳稻和糯稻混配及蒸煮对抗性淀粉含量的影响.结果表明,(1)不同基因型稻米的抗性淀粉含量差异较大,其抗性淀粉含量受加工方式和蒸煮条件的影响,糙米高于精米,熟米饭高于生米;(2)稻米混配比例、蒸煮米水比和蒸煮次数显著影响混配米抗性淀粉含量,其影响主次因稻米基因型和加工类型而异,且其获得高抗性淀粉含量的参数优化条件不同,功米3号与精米混配,抗性淀粉含量优于糙米,混配籼稻、粳稻优于糯稻.     

镉胁迫下不同改良剂对水稻种子萌发和镉吸收积累的影响

采用种子萌发试验和溶液培养试验方法,比较4种不同改良剂对Cd胁迫下水稻种子萌发和Cd吸收积累的影响。结果表明:添加硼酸、褪黑素、钼酸钠和硅酸钠均可以促进Cd胁迫下水稻种子萌发和水稻幼苗的生长发育。在浓度为5μmol·L~(-1)的Cd胁迫下,添加1 mg·L~(-1)硼酸、10μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素、0.5 mg·L~(-1)钼酸钠和1 mmol·L~(-1)硅酸钠使水稻种子发芽率比CK处理分别提高11.1%、10.0%、11.1%和10.0%,发芽势分别提高17.8%、17.8%、17.8%和22.2%;添加这4种改良剂可以不同程度地降低水稻种子萌发和水培实验中水稻植株Cd含量。5μmol·L~(-1)的Cd胁迫下,添加硼酸、褪黑素、钼酸钠和硅酸钠均显著降低种子萌发试验中水稻幼根和幼芽Cd含量,其中幼根Cd含量降低38.6%～51.3%,幼芽Cd含量降低36.9%～41.1%。水培实验中,当Cd浓度为1μmol·L~(-1)时,添加硼酸、褪黑素、钼酸钠和硅酸钠使水稻根系Cd含量比对照处理分别降低32.6%、38.3%、47.0%和72.5%(8 d)。硅酸钠降低水稻Cd含量的效果最明显,其次是钼酸钠和褪黑素,硼酸的效果稍差。     

原料表面碱液处理对稻草碎料板力学性能的影响

在实验室条件下探索了稻草原料表面碱液处理对稻草碎料板力学性能的影响.试验表明,处理后的稻草碎料板的内结合强度比处理前有大幅度提高,弯曲弹性模量和静曲强度比处理前则有所下降,但都达到了相关的国家标准;2h吸水厚度膨胀率升高,超过国家标准.因此稻草表面碱液处理提高了稻草原料表面润湿性和胶合强度,但对稻草碎料板的力学性能有影响.     

Nitrous oxide emission as affected by changes in soil water content and nitrogen fertilization

Nitrous oxide emission was measured in laboratory incubations of an alluvial soil (58% clay, pH 7.4). The soil was amended with 40 mg N kg⁻¹ as NaNO₃ or NH₄Cl, or with NaCl as a control. Each fertilization treatment was adjusted to three different water contents: constant 60% WHC (water-holding capacity), constant 120% WHC, and water content alternating between 60 and 120% WHC. During an 8-day incubation period N₂O emission rates and inorganic nitrogen concentrations in soil (NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻) were determined at regular intervals. In the control and after nitrate application small N₂O emission rates occurred with only minor variations over time, and no differences between the water treatments. In contrast, with ammonium application N₂O emission rates were much higher during the first two days of incubation, with peaks in the constant 60% WHC and 120% WHC at day 1 and in the changing-water treatment at day 2, when the first wet period (120% WHC) was completed. This N₂O peak in the changing-water treatment was 4 to 9 times higher than with constant WHC and occurred when both, NH₄⁺ and NO₂⁻ concentrations declined sharply. Thus, this N₂O emission flush can be attributed to nitrifier denitrification. After the second rewetting of the NH₄⁺-amended soil no further N₂O emission peak was observed, being in accordance with small NH₄⁺ and NO₂⁻ concentrations in soil at that time. The unexpectedly small N₂O fluxes in the constant 120% WHC treatment after nitrate application were probably caused by the reduction of N₂O to N₂ under the prevailing conditions. It can be concluded that continuous wetting or flooding of a soil is an effective measure to reduce N₂O emissions immediately after the application of NH₄⁺ fertilizers.     

肥料减施条件下水稻土壤有机碳组分对紫云英—稻草协同利用的响应

研究紫云英与稻草不同利用模式在化肥减量条件下稻田表层土壤有机碳及其活性组分的差异,为合理利用有机物料调控土壤肥力提供参考。采用湖南省南县连续5年(2011—2015年)大田定位试验的方法,研究了减量施肥下洞庭湖地区紫潮泥双季稻田0-20cm表层土壤总有机碳(TOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)和轻组有机碳(LFOC)对紫云英与稻草不同利用模式的响应。结果表明:与不施肥(CK)相比,单施化肥(F100)TOC、MBC、DOC、EOC和LFOC的含量均有显著上升,增幅分别为12.2%,19.5%,18.6%,11.3%和100.9%。化肥减量20%条件下紫云英与稻草利用模式更有助于有机碳组分的积累,其中晚稻留高桩还田冬种紫云英(F80+HR+A)处理效果最为突出,与CK相比,增幅分别为18.3%,47.2%,24.1%,20.0%和204.0%。减量施肥下紫云英单独利用相比稻草单独还田更益于MBC、DOC与EOC的积累,增幅分别为9.8%,4.0%和0.6%,土壤LFOC则相反,下降了34.8%。敏感指数分析表明土壤有机碳及其活性组分中LFOC对土壤质量变化最为敏感,其次是MBC,二者可作为衡量土壤质量状况的良好指标。F80+HR+A各有机碳组分敏感性均显著高于F100处理。相关性分析表明水稻产量、土壤有机碳及其组分之间均呈极显著相关(p0.01)。综上所述,化肥减量条件下不同紫云英与稻草利用模式对紫潮泥稻田土壤有机碳及其活性组分含量的影响存在明显差异,稻草还田能够显著提高土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳的含量,紫云英的利用则有利于土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳和易氧化有机碳的积累,而紫云英与稻草协同利用模式,尤其是晚稻留高桩还田冬种紫云英更有助于土壤有机碳及其活性组分的积累。     

不同水稻种质中渗透胁迫抗性基因DREB2A的遗传多样性分析

本研究旨在分析转录因子DREB2A基因在不同水稻种质中的遗传多样性,以期为水稻耐渗透胁迫遗传改良提供分子工具。利用单倍型分析、系统进化树、遗传距离和密码子偏好性分析,对85份不同类型水稻种质中DREB2A基因的功能性核苷酸序列变异及遗传多样性进行了研究。共鉴定出55个核苷酸变异位点,其中12个位于编码区,43个位于非编码区;鉴定出12个DREB2A等位基因型,其中来自非洲栽培稻(Oryza glaberrima)的3个等位基因型表现大片段变异;根据DREB2A基因的序列变异鉴定出39个单倍型,其中33个为新单倍型;将所有单倍型分为三组(Group Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ),其中非洲栽培稻(Oryza glaberrima)中的10个单倍型单独分为一组(Group Ⅲ);系统进化树、遗传距离和密码子偏好性分析均表明Group Ⅲ与其他两组具有较大差异。对85份不同类型水稻种质中DREB2A基因的序列分析表明,非洲栽培稻(Oryza glaberrima)中的DREB2A等位基因在序列变异、系统进化关系和密码子偏好性方面均明显不同于其他种质材料中的等位基因。     

发芽糙米营养特征及深加工工艺

本文阐述了发芽糙米的营养价值、生产工艺,总结了速食营养米粉和有色酒2个发芽糙米深加工产品的工艺流程及工艺特点,分析了发芽糙米作为主食直接食用存在的问题,并提出了建议,以期为发芽糙米产业化发展提供参考。