3种树木节和节间导管接触角的研究

[目的]探索导管在植物形态学及水分输导中的作用。[方法]以白蜡、杜仲和五角枫为试材,以枝条为样本,对节和节间木质部的导管进行解剖,在复水处理的条件下测定接触角。[结果]节和节间木质部导管特征明显不同,节间导管较为均一,基本上为大导管,小导管数量极少,且节间细胞多为分化细胞,呈长柱状,细胞排列方向确定。构成节的细胞不均一,小导管较多,导管迂回盘绕,节区细胞分化程度也不均一,有的细胞仍处于分化阶段,原生质浓厚,细胞排列方向不规则。接触角的大小明显不同,节间的接触角均大于节的接触角。[结论]节区导管对水分具有更强的拉伸作用,节在植物体水分运输的过程中具有重要作用。     

基于相邻木关系的林分空间结构参数应用研究

森林经营是林业发展的永恒主题,其原理就是道法自然,即遵从自然规律进行既定目标的森林结构调整。森林结构可以帮助我们了解森林的发展历史、现状和生态系统将来的发展方向,已经成为分析和管理森林生态系统的关键因子。森林结构主要通过空间多样性、物种多样性和大小多样性来表征,在很大程度上由相邻木的空间关系所决定。基于相邻木关系的林分空间结构参数角尺度、混交度和大小比数等在国内外关于林分空间结构分析、林木竞争与优势度计算、物种多样性测度以及结构恢复重建与优化调整等研究中被广泛使用,并取得了良好的效果。挖掘空间结构参数新的应用领域以及对结构参数理论体系的进一步完善将是基于相邻木关系的林分空间结构研究亟待解决的首要问题,如何把空间结构的3个方面作为统一整体来分析林分空间结构的特征与变化是目前研究的一个重要方向。未来的研究还将聚焦于变量的三维或二元分布,即变量的"体"、"面"研究,因其可视性将成为现在和未来林学研究的又一重要方向。     

Technical solutions to reduce the risk of subsoil compaction: effects of dual wheels, tandem wheels and tyre inflation pressure on stress propagation in soil

The use of heavy machinery is increasing in agriculture, which induces increased risks of subsoil compaction. Hence, there is a need for technical solutions that reduce the compaction risk at high total machine loads. Three field experiments were performed in order to study the effects of dual wheels, tandem wheels and tyre inflation pressure on stress propagation in soil. Vertical soil stress was measured at three different depths by installing probes into the soil horizontally from a dug pit. In one experiment, also the stress distribution below the tyre was measured. Beneath the dual wheels, vertical stresses at 0.15 and 0.3 m depth were lower between the two wheels than under the centre of each wheel, despite the gap between the wheels being small (0.1 m). At 0.5 m depth, vertical stress beneath the wheels was the same as between the two wheels. The stress interaction from the two wheels was weak, even in the subsoil. Accordingly, measured stresses at 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 m depth were highest under the centre of each axle centre line of tandem wheels, and much lower between the axles. For a wheel load of 86 kN, tyre inflation pressure significantly affected stress at 0.3 m depth, but not at greater depths. Stress directly below the tyre, measured at 0.1 m depth, was unevenly distributed, both in driving direction and perpendicular to driving direction, and maximum stress was considerably higher than tyre inflation pressure. Calculations of vertical stress based on Boussinesq's equation for elastic materials agreed well with measurements. A parabolic or linear contact stress distribution (stress declines from the centre to the edge of the contact area) was a better approximation of the contact stress than a uniform stress distribution. The results demonstrate that stress in the soil at different depths is a function of the stress on the surface and the contact area, which in turn are functions of wheel load, wheel arrangement, tyre inflation pressure, contact stress distribution and soil conditions. Soil stress and soil compaction are a function of neither axle load nor total vehicle load. This is of great importance for practical purposes. Reducing wheel load, e.g. by using dual or tandem wheels, also allows tyre inflation pressure to be reduced. This reduces the risk of subsoil compaction.     

基于EDEM的猪粪接触参数标定

为准确快速获得畜禽粪便的接触参数,该研究通过物理堆积试验与仿真方法对猪粪接触参数进行了标定。测定了不同含水率下猪粪的堆积角,建立了含水率与堆积角的回归方程;基于Hertz-Mindlin with JKR球体粘结模型,进行了离散元仿真模拟;采用筛选试验设计（Plackett-Burman Design,P-BD）对10个初始参数进行了筛选,发现JKR（Johnso-Kendall-Roberts）表面能、颗粒间滚动摩擦系数、颗粒间碰撞恢复系数对猪粪堆积角影响显著;并根据响应曲面试验设计（Box-Behnken Design,B-BD）建立了堆积角与显著性参数的二阶回归模型,得到了3个显著性参数值分别为JKR表面能0.03 J/m2、颗粒间滚动摩擦系数0.27、颗粒间碰撞恢复系数0.54;将仿真所得堆积角与物理试验值进行对比验证,相对误差为4.27%。结果表明,该研究提出的标定方法能准确模拟物理堆积试验,可为畜禽粪便接触参数的标定提供参考。     

基于Padé模型降阶法的车辆侧倾动力学研究

为简化对车辆侧倾动力学的研究特别是对车身侧倾角的估算和控制,提出针对车身侧倾角的Padé模型降阶方法.该文首先建立了线性三自由度车辆模型,并在此基础上推导出了车身侧倾角的传递函数,由于此传递函数的高阶特性难以用于车辆侧倾动力学的计算与控制中,所以接着对所推导出的侧倾角传递函数进行降阶处理.又考虑到车身侧倾的低频特性以及Padé模型降阶法在低频区能有较好的拟合效果,该文采用Padé模型降阶法对车身侧倾角传递函数进行降阶处理.为了验证降阶后模型的有效性,从时域、频域和复域3个方面分别进行了论证,并通过Truck Sim和Matlab进行了仿真对比.结果表明降阶后的模型在低频区具有较好的逼近效果,此降阶方法可以简化对车辆侧倾动力学的研究,并可以将此降阶模型应用于车身侧倾角的估算和控制中.     

水稻拔节至抽穗期叶片着生状态的数学模型模拟比较研究

[目的]为了寻找描述水稻叶片着生状态特性的最佳数学模型,更好地揭示水稻生长过程中株形特性。[方法]以杂交稻品种B优827为试验对象,用Logistic、渐进回归、二次曲线、S曲线、逻辑斯蒂和Gauss 6个方程分别对水稻叶片着生角度进行拟合,并比较了不同方程的拟合效果。[结果]6个方程对B优827的叶片着生角度都能拟合且达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。相比之下,Gauss模型拟合决定系数最大。[结论]Gauss模型拟合效果最好,能更好地反映品种的叶片着生状态特性。     

碎甘薯秧离散元仿真参数测量与标定*

针对甘薯秧蔓机械化回收过程中离散元仿真研究缺乏准确参数值的问题,采用直接测量和虚拟标定相结合的方法对碎甘薯茎秆和叶片离散元仿真参数进行研究。采用物理试验法获得碎甘薯秧的本征参数、碰撞恢复系数等参数值及碎甘薯秧颗粒的静摩擦系数参数范围,并为离散元法仿真设计了不同的参数组合。通过堆积角优化仿真试验确定甘薯叶片本征参数及其他不易直接测量的离散元仿真参数。Plackett-Burman试验表明,甘薯茎秆—甘薯茎秆和甘薯茎秆—45钢的静摩擦系数、甘薯茎秆—甘薯茎秆和甘薯茎秆—甘薯叶的滚动摩擦系数均显著影响堆积角。运用最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken优化试验标定了对碎甘薯秧堆积角有显著影响的参数值,以得到的参数进行颗粒堆积仿真试验,测得堆积角平均值为40.51°,与实测值相对误差为0.972%,说明物理试验加优化仿真试验来标定离散元参数是可行的,标定所得的参数可作为甘薯秧茎叶离散元仿真参数。     

木材表面非极性化原理的研究 Ⅱ.木材与苯乙烯接枝共聚过程中化学官能团和表面极性的变化

通过对杉木、杨木木材及其主要成分在与苯乙烯接枝共聚反应过程中化学官能团及临界表面张力变化的研究,探讨了木材各化学组成在接枝共聚过程中的反应性能和对木材表面极性的影响。研究表明:木材可与苯乙烯发生接枝共聚反应,反应只在木素和苯乙烯之间进行。木材与苯乙烯接枝共聚可降低木材临界表面张力,即降低木材表面自由能,从而有效地改善木材的极性。     

Morphological Basis of Resistance in Cotton to the WhiteflyBemisia Tabaci

The morphological basis of resistance to the whiteflyBemisia tabaci Genn. (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera) was studied. The plant characters examined were leaf area, thickness of leaf lamina, hair density, hair length, angle of insertion of leaf hair, and density of gossypol glands. Hair density and leaf thickness were positively correlated with the population ofB. tabaci, and a positive correlation was obtained between the adult whitefly population and gossypol glands on stem internodes. Cotton genotype USA-22 (sparsely hairy) was found to be more tolerant toB. tabaci than was genotype USA-13 (velvety hairy). The use of thinner and glabrous leaved cotton varieties is suggested to minimize the whitefly menace in cotton.     

细菌凝集素与菌体脂多糖在大白菜与软腐欧氏杆菌接触识别中的作用

 用3种试验方法测定了大白菜细菌凝集素(Agin-SD60)和软腐欧氏杆菌脂多精(LPS),在双方接触识别中的作用。在吸附抑制试验中,来自大白菜和马铃曾的Agin-SD60显示约98%的吸附抑制效应,另3种植物的Agin-SD60及大白菜外源凝集素(lectin)和细咆壁蛋白质(CWP)无明显作用;同时用不同种类的7个菌侏的LPS作测定,只有病菌的LPS吸附抑制作用明显(93.37%),其胞外多糖(EPS)也无作用。在菌体凝集试验中,也只有大白菜和马铃薯的Agin-SD60表现50%~100%的凝集活性。在琼脂双扩散试验中,寄主Agin-SD60可与病菌菌体及其LPS发生免疫沉淀。这些结果说明,Agin-SD60和菌体LPS在大白菜与软幅欧氏杆菌接触识别中分别作为植物识别子(cognor)和细菌识别子(cognon)起作用。