Complementary use of natural and artificial wetlands by waterbirds wintering in Doñana,south‐west Spain

• 1. The Doñana wetland complex (SW Spain) holds more wintering waterfowl than any other wetland in Europe.
• 2. This study focused on the use made by 12 common waterbirds (eight ducks and four waders) of the natural seasonal marshes in Doñana National Park (DNP) and the adjacent Veta la Palma (VLP) fish ponds created in the early 1990s. Data used were from aerial and terrestrial surveys collected between October and February during six consecutive winters from 1998/99 to 2003/04. Changes in distribution of each bird taxon were related to changes in the extent of flooded marshes within DNP. Up to 295 000 ducks were counted in VLP during dry periods, and up to 770 000 in DNP when it was flooded.
• 3. The timing and extent of flooding in DNP was highly variable, but there was a consistent pattern in which ducks concentrated in VLP during dry months and winters but redistributed to DNP as more of it was flooded. This refuge effect was also strong for black‐tailed godwits Limosa limosa, but much less so for other waders. Waders feed mainly on invertebrates, and invertebrate biomass in VLP was found to be higher than in DNP. Ducks feed mainly on seeds and plant material, which are more abundant in DNP when flooded.
• 4. When water levels in DNP were stable over the course of a winter, or controlled for in multivariate models, the numbers of ducks at VLP declined over time, probably due to reduced availability of plant foods. In contrast, numbers of waders at VLP were more stable, and their invertebrate prey became more abundant over time, at least in the winter 2003/4.
• 5. In this extremely important wetland complex, the value of natural and artificial wetlands for wintering waterbirds are complementary, providing suitable habitat for different species and for different conditions in a highly variable Mediterranean environment.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近30年根河流域湿地景观格局变化及驱动因素分析

[目的]为了解根河流域湿地时空变化情况,明晰气候变化和土地利用变化对湿地景观格局的影响。[方法]过分析根河流域1990—2019年间的湿地范围变化,再结合期间的气候变化状况来探究流域内湿地景观格局变化的驱动因素。[结果] 30年,根河流域湿地面积减少31.89%,斑块数量增加3.74%,景观破碎度指数增加4.48,流域湿地面积总体退化显著,流域湿地斑块数量总体有所增多。1990—2004年流域湿地呈现出显著退化趋势(p<0.05),湿地面积与年降水量存在显著正相关关系,景观破碎度指数与年降水量存在显著负相关,推断年降水量是导致根河流域湿地景观格局发生显著变化的主要因素;2004—2019年流域湿地退化趋势不显著(p>0.05),年平均气温呈现出不显著上升趋势(p>0.05),景观破碎度指数与年平均气温存在显著负相关,可能是气温升高导致流域内浅层多年冻土融化而将湿地连片,降低期间湿地破碎程度。[结论]究结果对维护根河流域湿地生态系统的多样性与稳定性、促进湿地与非湿地间的协调互融性、保障湿地资源的可持续发展等具有重要的意义。     

二百方子沼泽湿地沉积物重金属分布特征研究

选取霍林河下游二百方子沼泽湿地为研究对象 ,采用重力沉积芯采样钻钻孔采样与剖面切割采样相结合的方法 ,采集了 8个沉积柱芯及剖面 ,对沉积物重金属元素Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Co、Pb、Fe、Mn及pH、总有机碳 (TOC)、全氮 (TN)在剖面中的分布进行高分辨率研究。结果显示 ,剖面上部沉积物表层沉积序列内已明显富集了Fe、Mn、Zn等重金属 ,并与TOC含量呈显著相关。与此相反 ,大多数沉积柱芯下层的重金属含量相对较低并接近地球化学天然背景水平。研究表明 ,高分辨率取样易找出元素间相关性。越靠近河流 ,淹没频率越高 ,沼泽湿地表层沉积物中重金属元素含量越高。     

丽江拉市海国际重要湿地生态修复方案探究

拉市海国际重要湿地是我国重要的候鸟越冬栖息地之一,针对其整体环境整治问题,地方政府和管理部门做了大量工作,取得了较好成效,但还存在退化沼泽湿地急需修复、退养鱼塘急需生态修复、入湖河道急需治理等问题,基于此,提出退化沼泽湿地、退塘还湿、入湖河段生态修复以及破碎化湖滨带治理、外来物种防控等生态修复方案。通过湿地生态修复,湿地整体生态环境得到改善,候鸟栖息地、食源地得到修复,湿地植被和生物多样性明显增加,湿地景观得到优化,湿地生态服务功能有所提高。     

长株潭城市群湿地景观时空动态变化及驱动力分析

针对长株潭城市群的湿地景观面积迅速减少、破碎化程度增加等情况,该文基于时间序列Landsat数据及物候特征参数,采用面向对象方法的随机森林算法获得了长株潭城市群2000-2015年湿地时空格局及变化数据,利用景观格局指数、质心迁移等方法分析了近16 a来长株潭城市群湿地时空格局及变化特征,并通过Logistics回归模型分析了城市群湿地演化的驱动力因素。研究结果表明:1)湿地类型主要为人工湿地水田,其次为河流湿地与库塘湿地,湖泊湿地与苔草沼泽分布面积相对较小;2)2000-2015年研究区湿地总面积呈减少趋势,减少231.12 km~2,减少6.64%,同时湿地的空间转移也十分剧烈。3)研究期间,长株潭城市群湿地景观破碎度在呈增强趋势,且景观形状也趋于复杂。同时,研究区景观连通性在不断降低,而景观丰富度在不断增加。4)研究期间,长株潭城市群5种湿地类型的质心在均发生了不同程度的的迁移,其中河流、库塘和水田的质心迁移相对较大,湖泊的质心位置相对稳定。5)长株潭城市群地区降水量的减少及气温的升高,加之高强度人类干扰是近年来湿地变化的主要原因,其中人类活动加剧了湿地变化的复杂性和差异性。该研究可为长株潭城市群湿地资源的可持续发展提供科学、可靠的数据支持。     

海南岛北部地区红树林湿地土壤有机碳分布规律及影响因素

红树林是单位生产力最高的生态系统之一,能够持续地固定有机碳,对全球碳平衡及生物地球化学循环有深远影响。在海南岛北部东寨港、八门湾、新盈港地区等典型红树林湿地的林内、林缘和光滩开展垂直采样,共采集15个样点,在室内对样品的有机碳含量、物理化学性质进行分析,探讨红树林湿地土壤有机碳的分布规律以及影响碳储量的主要因素。结果显示:红树林湿地0～40cm土壤有机碳含量为0.88～134.00g/kg,平均为25.18(±10.34)g/kg。在空间分布上,表现为八门湾红树林(36.61g/kg±4.46g/kg)东寨港红树林(25.57g/kg±3.14g/kg)新盈红树林(13.36g/kg±1.71g/kg);水平分布规律为林内(41.69g/kg±0.71g/kg)林缘(21.24g/kg±0.43g/kg)光滩(13.88g/kg±0.32g/kg);垂直分布最大值出现在10～20cm土层,为32.11(±3.45)g/kg。进一步相关分析显示,土壤有机碳含量与粘粒和粉粒呈极显著正相关关系,与砂粒和pH值呈极显著负相关关系。     

Comparison of remote sensing indices for monitoring of desert cienegas

This research considers the applicability of different vegetation indices at 30 m resolution for mapping and monitoring desert wetland (cienega) health and spatial extent through time at Cienega Creek in southeastern Arizona, USA. Multiple stressors including the risk of decadal-scale drought, the effects of current and predicted global warming, and continued anthropogenic pressures threaten aquatic habitats in the southwest and cienegas are recognized as important sites for conservation and restoration efforts. However, cienegas present a challenge to satellite-imagery based analysis due to their small size and mixed surface cover of open water, exposed soils, and vegetation. We created time series of five well-known vegetation indices using annual Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images retrieved during the April–June dry season, from 1984 to 2011 to map landscape-level distribution of wetlands and monitor the temporal dynamics of individual sites. Indices included the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and the Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII). One topographic index, the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), was analyzed to examine the utility of topography in mapping distribution of cienegas. Our results indicate that the NDII, calculated using Landsat TM band 5, outperforms the other indices at differentiating cienegas from riparian and upland sites, and was the best means to analyze change. As such, it offers a critical baseline for future studies that seek to extend the analysis of cienegas to other regions and time scales, and has broader applicability to the remote sensing of wetland features in arid landscapes.     

1976-2011年博斯腾湖小湖区湿地生态系统服务价值变化分析

以1976年、1990年、2002年和2011年4期的遥感影像资料为基础,结合野外实地调查及其他相关资料,研究了1976-2011年博斯腾湖小湖区湿地面积和生态系统服务价值变化及其影响因素.结果表明:(1)近40年间小湖区湿地面积变化呈波动性趋势.其中1976年湿地面积最大为3 813.12 hm2;2002年和2011年湿地面积分别减少为3 138.12,2 285.53 hm2.(2)在整个研究时段博斯腾湖小湖区湿地生态系统服务价值的变化整体上呈减少趋势:其中在1976 1990年,年平均减少2.67％;而在1990-2002年,年平均增长2.63％;2002年以后不断减少,减少速度比前15年明显加快.从研究区各生态功能服务价值对总的生态系统服务功能价值的贡献来看,废弃物处理、水涵养和气候调节功能服务价值的贡献率较大,且在整个研究时段呈增加的趋势.在研究期间,博斯腾湖小湖区湿地面积和生态系统服务价值的变化与流域自然和人为因素密切相关,应重视近年来人类活动的负面影响,对绿洲经济活动进行合理规划和控制.     

表面流人工湿地在滇池湖滨区面源污染控制中的应用研究

在滇池湖滨带核心区退塘还湖措施的基础上,通过对福保村湖滨废弃鱼塘改造,建立了表面流人工湿地系统,对该区域内面源污水处理进行了研究。研究表明,系统年削减人湖污染物COD、TN、TP负荷分别达7840、650和20kg,单位面积削减量分别为4704、390和12kg·hm^-2,削减率分别为28．02％、35．93％和4．86％;系统对污水中COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的去除率分别为15．57％、56．76％、40．37％和35．64％,且除COD外,旱季污染物去除率高于雨季;推流曝气可提高系统对污染物的去除效果,使NH3-N、TN、TP的去除率分别提高约39％、23％和21％,而COD去除率变化不明显。该系统为滇池湖滨区退塘还湖和湖滨生态系统重建提供了重要的技术示范,对滇池富营养化防治工作的开展具有重要意义。     

组合家庭人工湿地系统处理北方农村生活污水

该文对组合家庭人工湿地系统处理北方农村生活污水进行了为期10个月的试验研究（包括冬季）。湿地床上部铺设了0.5 m的生物质保温层,使在冬季最低气温-15℃的低温下,系统温度仍维持在7℃以上,保证了系统的正常运行。结果表明,化学需氧量（CODcr）、生化需氧量（BOD5）、氨氮（NH3-N）、总磷（TP）、总固体悬浮物（TSS）和浊度的平均去除率分别为93.0%、96.0%、88.4%、87.7%、97.0%和89.6%,出水体积质量平均值分别为36.0、11.8、3.5、0.6、3.8 mg/L和浊度9.1 NTU,满足国家排放二级标准。组合家庭人工湿地系统是一种适合农村分散式家庭污水处理的新途径。