Methane emissions from stems of Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica trees in a floodplain forest

We measured methane (CH₄) emissions from the stem surfaces of mature Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica trees in a floodplain forest. Flux measurements were conducted almost monthly from May to October 2005, and positive CH₄ fluxes were detected throughout the study period, including the leafless season. The mean CH₄ flux was 176 and 97 μg CH₄ m⁻² h⁻¹ at the lower (15 cm above the ground) and upper (70 cm above the ground) stem positions, respectively. The CH₄ concentration was lower in soil gas than in ambient air to a depth of at least 40 cm. One possible source of CH₄ emitted from the stems might be the dissolved CH₄ in groundwater; maximum concentrations were 10,000 times higher than atmospheric CH₄ concentrations. Our results suggest that CH₄ transport from the submerged soil layer to the atmosphere may occur through internal air spaces in tree bodies.     

表面流人工湿地在滇池湖滨区面源污染控制中的应用研究

在滇池湖滨带核心区退塘还湖措施的基础上,通过对福保村湖滨废弃鱼塘改造,建立了表面流人工湿地系统,对该区域内面源污水处理进行了研究。研究表明,系统年削减人湖污染物COD、TN、TP负荷分别达7840、650和20kg,单位面积削减量分别为4704、390和12kg·hm^-2,削减率分别为28．02％、35．93％和4．86％;系统对污水中COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的去除率分别为15．57％、56．76％、40．37％和35．64％,且除COD外,旱季污染物去除率高于雨季;推流曝气可提高系统对污染物的去除效果,使NH3-N、TN、TP的去除率分别提高约39％、23％和21％,而COD去除率变化不明显。该系统为滇池湖滨区退塘还湖和湖滨生态系统重建提供了重要的技术示范,对滇池富营养化防治工作的开展具有重要意义。     

Bacterial community structure of nirK-bearing denitrifiers and the development of properties of soils in created mitigation wetlands

We investigated the abundance and genetic heterogeneity of bacterial nitrite reductase genes (nir) and soil structural properties in created and natural freshwater wetlands in the Virginia piedmont. Soil attributes included soil organic matter (SOM), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), pH, gravimetric soil moisture (GSM), and bulk density (D_b). A subset of soil attributes were analyzed across the sites, using euclidean cluster analysis, resulting in three soil condition (SC) groups of increasing wetland soil development (i.e., SC1 < SC2 < SC3; less to more developed or matured) as measured by accumulation of TOC, TN, the increase of GSM, and the decrease of D_b. There were no difference found in the bacterial community diversity between the groups (p = 0.4). NirK gene copies detected ranged between 3.6 × 10⁴ and 3.4 × 10⁷ copies g⁻¹ soil and were significantly higher in the most developed soil group, SC3, than in the least developed soil group, SC1. However, the gene copies were lowest in SC2 that had a significantly higher soil pH (~6.6) than the other two SC groups (~5.3). The same pattern was found in denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) on a companion study where DEA was found negatively correlated with soil pH. Gene fragments were amplified and products were screened by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Among 146 different T-RFs identified, fourteen were dominant and together made up more than 65% of all detected fragments. While SC groups did not relate to whole nirK communities, most soil properties that identified SC groups did significantly correlate to dominant members of the community.     

黄河三角洲人类活动强度的湿地景观格局梯度响应

为了研究黄河三角洲湿地景观格局沿人类活动强度的梯度变化规律,该文基于土地科学和景观生态学原理,在RS、Arc GIS和FRAGSTATS软件支持下,以1989、1999、2009和2014年四期遥感影像为数据源,利用人工目视解译方法构建研究区景观类型图。基于解译结果,选取耕地、工矿用地、居民点和交通用地等土地利用指标来反映人类活动强度,采用自然间断法将人类活动强度从强到弱分带。文章分析了黄河三角洲不同人类活动强度样带不同时期的湿地景观格局变化特征,以及2014年主要景观类型的格局特征对人类活动强度的梯度响应。结果表明:人类的干扰活动使得不同景观类型在人类活动强度各样带表现出明显的空间差异。在景观水平上,随着人类活动强度的降低,样带景观的丰富度和斑块数增加,2009年斑块数量达到8 000个;多样性和均匀度指数呈先增后减趋势,景观聚集度和连通性持续增加,在第10样带达到99.42%,破碎化程度不断降低;在类型水平上,水库坑塘、水产养殖场、盐田和未利用地在梯度带中较好地反映了景观格局的变化特征,其中各景观类型的形状指数和分维数随人类活动强度的梯度变化呈现明显的变化趋势,景观形状趋于复杂化,面积比例、斑块密度和最大斑块指数的梯度变化较大,波动明显,盐田在人类干扰最大时斑块指数达到26%。该文揭示了景观格局沿人类活动强度的梯度变化规律,可为研究区湿地生态恢复及可持续利用提供参考。     

基于水流模型的串联式水平潜流湿地除磷效果分析

为了探究串联式水平潜流湿地内部水流规律及其对水禽污水的处理效果,对三级串联式水平潜流湿地运行效果进行了连续监测,分析了单位面积总磷(total phosphorus,TP)去除率月变化,进水流量和水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)对出水TP质量浓度的影响,并通过推流式反应器模型(plug-flow,PF)、扩散流模型(dispersed-flow,DF)和串联反应器模型(tanks-in-series,TIS)对水流形态进行了描述。结果表明:单位面积磷去除率随处理单元(P1,P2,P3)增加而降低(P1:(0.11±0.09)g/(m2·d)、P2:(0.08±0.03)g/(m2·d)、P3:(0.05±0.01)g/(m2·d));进水流量小于55 m3/d时,增加进水流量可提高P1单位面积去除率,但会降低P2和P3单位面积去除率,P2和P3在HRT85 d时对HRT具有较强敏感性,各处理单元最佳进水流量和HRT分别为P1:55 m3/d,166 d;P2:3.4 m3/d,151 d;P3:9.5 m3/d,176 d;P1在6月单位面积TP去除量大于释放量,P2和P3在7月-9月均存在TP净释放过程;P1(k:0.663~0.751 cm/d)理化环境较P2(k:0.641~0.722 cm/d)和P3(k:0.429~0.458 cm/d)更有利于除磷;TIS模型(R2:0.567~0.883,P0.05)对出水质量浓度的拟合大于DF(R2:0.510~0.723,P0.05)和PF模型(R2:0.465~0.626,P0.05),表明实际水流形态更接近混合流。该研究对于深化水平潜流湿地内部水流规律认识,全面了解不同运作下磷迁移转化机制提供参考。     

水深环境梯度下柽柳种群分布格局的分形分析

利用计盒维数和信息维数两种分形方法分析了黄河三角洲湿地柽柳种群的空间分布特征及其随水深梯度的变化。结果表明,不同水深梯度下柽柳种群分布格局的计盒维数均较大,随着水深的增大而逐渐减小,但变化幅度较小,反映了不同水深梯度下柽柳种群对水平空间的占据程度较大;信息维数总体上随水深的增大而减小,在水深低于-1．55m范围内,信息维数较大,柽柳种群的微观结构较为复杂,格局强度较高,水深高于-1．55m时,信息维数较小,柽柳种群的微观结构较为简单,格局强度较弱。水深-1．55m可能是黄河三角洲湿地柽柳种群分布格局的一个阅值。     

Comparison of remote sensing indices for monitoring of desert cienegas

This research considers the applicability of different vegetation indices at 30 m resolution for mapping and monitoring desert wetland (cienega) health and spatial extent through time at Cienega Creek in southeastern Arizona, USA. Multiple stressors including the risk of decadal-scale drought, the effects of current and predicted global warming, and continued anthropogenic pressures threaten aquatic habitats in the southwest and cienegas are recognized as important sites for conservation and restoration efforts. However, cienegas present a challenge to satellite-imagery based analysis due to their small size and mixed surface cover of open water, exposed soils, and vegetation. We created time series of five well-known vegetation indices using annual Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images retrieved during the April–June dry season, from 1984 to 2011 to map landscape-level distribution of wetlands and monitor the temporal dynamics of individual sites. Indices included the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and the Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII). One topographic index, the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), was analyzed to examine the utility of topography in mapping distribution of cienegas. Our results indicate that the NDII, calculated using Landsat TM band 5, outperforms the other indices at differentiating cienegas from riparian and upland sites, and was the best means to analyze change. As such, it offers a critical baseline for future studies that seek to extend the analysis of cienegas to other regions and time scales, and has broader applicability to the remote sensing of wetland features in arid landscapes.     

官厅水库库区水生植物演变格局时空变化特征分析

利用中等分辨率长时间序列的TM遥感影像(1995—2007年),采用面向对象的分类方法,以多尺度分割技术为核心,提取了官厅水库水生植物空间分布信息,在斑块类型和景观级别尺度上,共筛选了8个高度浓缩景观格局信息的定量指标,结合水生植物空间分布的质心变化,分析了水生植物演变格局的时空变化特征。研究表明:(1)1995—2007年,受水域面积的扩张和萎缩的影响,库区水生植物面积及其平均斑块面积呈明显地增加和减少趋势:沉水植物波动幅度比较明显,呈先小幅扩张后急剧萎缩的趋势,2000年之前,随水域的扩张,其面积增加了30.2 km2,相对动态度达116.87%;之后,随着水域面积的持续萎缩,沉水植物面积以每年4.2%呈大幅递减趋势,减少了43.02 km2;挺水植物所占比例较小,其面积呈小幅扩张趋势,增加了4.58 km2。(2)沉水植物和挺水植物随水域面积的波动呈现不同的景观格局演变特征。库区沉水植物的景观优势度高,最高达56.09%,占库区水生植物景观类型的主体;挺水植物的平均斑块面积、聚集度指数均低于同年沉水植物,具有离散度高、破碎度高、连通性低的特点。挺水植物的斑块形状相对复杂,其分维度指数平均比同年沉水植物高0.29。(3)水生植物的质心12 a来发生了不同程度的偏移变化,挺水植物质心整体向库区东北方向移动了1.88 km,偏移方向为东偏北12.78°;沉水植物质心整体向库区西南方向移动了4.66 km,偏移方向为南偏西43.04°。     

人工湿地外加碳源碳溶出及反硝化效果研究

为了解人工湿地中固体外加碳源的碳溶出规律及添加量对反硝化效果的影响,本研究选择竹子、木块和木本泥炭作为外加C源材料,在厌氧下测定3种材料的碳溶出量,同时应用于人工湿地中试试验,为人工湿地外加碳源的应用提供依据。结果表明:单位质量的试验材料C的溶出量是竹子木块木本泥炭,竹子、木块和木本泥炭的C溶出量均值分别达577、266和59mg/(kg·d);材料C溶出量随时间变化的回归曲线拟合度较高,溶出稳定。人工湿地中试试验中,添加62kg木块为外加碳源时的湿地系统对总氮和铵氮的去除率明显高于添加31kg木块的湿地系统。溶出试验中木块作为人工湿地反硝化脱氮的外加碳源材料促进了人工湿地对氮的去除。     

放牧管理对西藏高寒沼泽植物群落结构和土壤碳氮的影响

对西藏当雄县3种不同放牧管理模式(冬季放牧、冬春季放牧和全年放牧)下的高寒沼泽的植物群落结构和土壤碳氮进行了调查。调查发现,3种放牧管理模式下的高寒沼泽植物群落总盖度差异不显著,而优势物种藏嵩草的高度和盖度差异显著;放牧管理对沼泽群落结构和物种多样性影响较大,随着放牧强度的增加,物种丰富度增加;放牧利用显著降低了高寒沼泽湿地群落优势物种藏嵩草的高度和盖度,其优势度也显著降低,使得高寒沼泽逐渐退化。冬季放牧、冬春季放牧和全年放牧沼泽地上生物量和地下生物量依次降低。同时,随着放牧强度的增加,高寒沼泽表层土壤有机碳氮的含量也显著降低,且高寒沼泽表层土壤碳氮与地上和地下生物量显著正相关。通过对比分析,冬季放牧是当前西藏高寒沼泽较好的放牧管理模式。