In ovo injection of branched‐chain amino acids: Embryonic development,hatchability and hatching quality of turkey poults

In this study, the influence of a branched‐chain amino acid blend (BCAA composed of 3 l ‐leucine:1 l ‐valine:2 l ‐isoleucine) injected into the amniotic fluid was evaluated for embryonic growth, yolk‐sac (YS) utilization and development of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and skeletal muscles of turkey embryos from day 24 of incubation (24E) to hatching, together with hatchability, poult quality and liver L* (lightness), a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values at hatch. At day 22 of incubation, embryonated eggs (n = 240) were assigned to three treatments, that is, eggs were not injected (control, NC) or injected with 1.5 ml sterile solution with 0.9% salt (SA) or 0.2% BCAA blend (BCAAb). These solutions were injected manually into the amniotic fluid of the embryonated eggs. To determine weights and lengths (where appropriate) of the studied organs and tissues, four embryonated eggs and poults per treatment were selected at 24E and at hatch. While the BCAAb decreased the YS and embryo weight, hatchability and the liver L* value, it increased the weight and quality of poults and the weights of breast and thigh muscles at hatch. In conclusion, the in ovo feeding of the BCAA blend negatively affected hatchability but positively affected hatching weight and poult quality by improving development of skeletal muscles and by regulating energy metabolism.     

山东省羊常用粗饲料营养价值评定

试验旨在综合评价从山东省17个市采集的羊常用粗饲料原料的营养价值。试验测定了109个样本10种常用原料的常规营养成分及总能(GE),应用两级离体消化法测定干物质消化率(IVDMD),以计算消化能(DE)和代谢能(ME),并根据预测干物质随意采食量(DMI),进而计算出分级指数(GI)。结果表明,不同粗饲料间的常规养分的差异不能准确地评价饲料营养价值;以NDF、ADF所得GI综合评价粗饲料中营养价值得到苜蓿>冬牧70>地瓜秧>羊草>花生秧>青贮玉米秸>玉米秸>水稻秸>豆秸>麦秸;IVDMD与NDF、ADF均呈显著负相关,而与CP呈显著正相关;DE与NDF、ADF相关性较强,且均呈负相关。     

Results of activities to maintain landraces and other material in some European countries in situ before 1945 and what we may learn from them

All three recommendations to maintain landraces in European countries, given in 1927: 1. maintenance by traditional farmers, 2. maintenance by school personnel and pupils, and 3. maintenance by small agricultural institutions, were disregarded. The present outcome: maintenance by genebanks, which often grow landraces and improved cultivars of one crop next to each other, and which often are part of a large agricultural research institute, was advised against.The above observation may be of value to those who at present advocate maintenance of landraces by traditional farmers in developing countries.It is recommended that landraces should be collected and maintained in genebanks as this will result in a partial loss of the material, whereas on farm maintenance (in situ conservation) would lead to a complete loss.     

火龙果皮与苜蓿、精料配比对饲料组合效应的研究

本试验旨在探讨火龙果皮与苜蓿、精料配比对饲料组合效应(AE)的影响。试验采用体外产气法测定在精粗比分别为40∶60和30∶70时,精料∶火龙果皮∶苜蓿分别为40∶60∶0、40∶45∶15、40∶30∶30、40∶15∶45、40∶0∶60和30∶70∶0、30∶55∶15、30∶40∶30、30∶25∶45、30∶10∶60、30∶0∶70时11种饲料组合及3种单独饲料(精料、火龙果皮、苜蓿)分别培养0、2、4、6、9、12、24、36、48 h的产气量(GP),培养结束后的上清液及残渣用以测定pH、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)与氨态氮(NH3-N)含量、干物质降解率(DM D)和有机物降解率(OM D),并计算出各指标的单项组合效应指数(SFAEI)和综合组合效应指数(MFAEI)。结果表明:精粗比为40∶60时,40∶60∶0、40∶45∶15组24 h产气量(GP24 h)、DMD、OMD的SFAEI显著或极显著高于其他各组(P<0.05或P<0.01),40∶60∶0、40∶45∶15、40∶30∶30组TVFA和NH3-N的SFAEI显著或极显著高于其他各组(P<0.05或P<0.01),40∶60∶0、40∶45∶15组的MFAEI极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01)。精粗比为30∶70时,30∶70∶0组GP24 h的SFAEI极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01),30∶70∶0、30∶55∶15、30∶40∶30组DM D和TVFA的SFAEI极显著高于其他各组(P <0. 01),30∶70∶0、30∶55∶15组OM D和NH3-N的SFAEI极显著高于其他各组(P <0. 01),30∶70∶0、30∶55∶15、30∶40∶30组的M FAEI极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01)。由此可见,精粗比为40∶60时,精料∶火龙果皮∶苜蓿为40∶45∶15时的M FAEI最大;精粗比为30∶70时,精料∶火龙果皮∶苜蓿为30∶70∶0时的M FAEI最大。     

浅谈强化《家畜外科手术学》教学效果的体会

《家畜外科手术学》课程是本科生兽医专业教学的一个重要环节,是提升学生学习兴趣、强化实践操作能力的重要桥梁。提高《家畜外科手术学》的教学质量,对于学生培养基本技能和掌握手术的基本操作技术,具有非常重要的意义。经过多年教学实践,摸索并总结出兴趣+理论+实践的教学方法,取得了良好的教学效果。     

牧民定居的生态、经济和社会效益分析——以新疆昌吉市阿什里哈萨克乡为例

牧民定居工程的实施对改善牧区生态环境,加快区域经济发展、改善牧民生活发挥了一定的作用.本研究以新疆昌吉市阿什里哈萨克乡为例,运用可持续发展理论,通过理论与实证相结合的方法,对牧民定居工程的生态、经济和社会效益进行分析,阐述了牧民定居工程实施过程中存在的问题及其解决对策.     

提高旱农地区甘草田间出苗率的试验分析

通过随机区组田间试验的方法，对如何提高甘草田间出苗率进行了研究。试验证明：甘草的田间出苗率与播种深度呈负相关，若底墒好，播后不浇水，播深2．5－3．0cm，可提高其田间出苗率；若底墒差，播后浇水，播深1．5－2．0cm，亦能提高其田间出苗率。在新垦重盐碱地播种甘草，用生长素4号和1号拌种，可分别提高田间出苗率2．9倍和2．6倍。播后3d浇水比播后16d浇水的田间出苗率提高29．5％。     

保卫细胞液泡内pH调节的可逆解聚聚合颗粒物性质初探

为研究保卫细胞液泡(GCV)的pH在气孔保卫细胞渗透调节中的作用及蚕豆(Vicia faba)叶片气孔GCV中的颗粒物的性质,本实验采用激光共聚焦显微术配合pH荧光探针BCECF AM的荧光比值法对ABA诱导的气孔关闭过程进行观测,发现:蚕豆气孔关闭过程中GCV的pH升高约0.5(pH5.3→5.8)。分别用pH5.3和5.8的Mes/Tris缓冲液调控离体开放态GCV的pH,透射电镜(4×104倍)观察负染片说明:pH 5.3对开放态GCV液所含颗粒物的线度及分布密度无实质影响;而pH 5.8的处理使取自开放态GCV液所含颗粒物的线度明显增大、分布密度显著减小;非特异性蛋白酶Proteinase K处理可使GCV中的颗粒物消失。基于GCV内颗粒物的线度、形状及对pH调控和对Proteinase K处理的响应,推测此种颗粒物是蛋白质。     

正交试验优选酸水法提取黄连中小檗碱的工艺及其抑菌活性的研究

采用正交试验设计,采用酸水法提取黄连中小檗碱,并测定提取的小檗碱对八株大肠埃希氏杆菌的体外最小抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果表明,最佳正交提取工艺为C3B3A1,即硫酸浓度0.2%、冷浸72h、用15%NaCl盐析,提取物对八株致病性大肠杆菌的MIC为0.50mg/mL-1.5mg/mL。提取的小檗碱对致病性大肠杆菌具有较好的抑菌作用。     

山羊卵母细胞体外成熟体系研究进展

卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)是山羊胚胎体外生产的关键步骤,其对山羊体外生产胚胎的数量和质量均具有非常重要的意义。此外,IVM还可以满足胚胎工程技术如体细胞核移植、转基因动物生产对卵母细胞的大量需求。然而,由于山羊卵母细胞体外成熟研究起步较晚,与牛、猪等家畜相比仍然存在不小的差距,存在诸如体外成熟率低、胚胎质量不佳、培养体系可重复性低等问题。因此,分析山羊卵母细胞体外成熟的主要影响因素,提高山羊卵母细胞体外成熟率,建立山羊卵母细胞体外成熟稳定培养体系,就成为了近年来山羊胚胎体外生产的研究重点。论文综合国内外学者近年的相关研究,对可能影响山羊卵母细胞体外成熟效率的各种因素进行了综述分析,同时对山羊卵母细胞体外成熟现存问题进行了分析,以期为建立山羊卵母细胞体外成熟体系提供理论支持。