鲁梅克斯K-1杂交酸模和干玉米秸混合青贮料喂牛试验

８头４～５岁的役用秦川母牛按配对原则分为对照组和试验组。两组牛的精料配方基本相同，但试验组牛饲粮用７．７５％的鲁梅克斯Ｋ－１杂交酸模粉（以下简称鲁梅克斯Ｋ－１）代替对照组中同等重量的小麦麸；对照组牛的粗料全部用干玉米秸，试验组半用６０％干玉米秸和４０％的玉米秸＋鲁梅克斯叶混合青贮料。正试期２０ｄ。结果表明：试验组牛的平均日增重为 ０．７８７ｋｇ，对照组０．６９０ｋｇ，试验组较对照组牛日增重提高了 １４．０６％；每增重 １ｋｇ活重试验组牛消耗精、粗料分别为２．５４ｋｇ、５．２５ｋｇ，对照组半分别为２．９０ｋｇ、５．５０ｋｇ，试验组较对照组个节约精料０．３６ｋｇ、粗料０．２５ｋｇ；试验组每头牛毛盈利为７３．３４元，对照组５９．４０元，前者比后者提高经济效益２３．４７％。说明在役用母牛饲粮中，用鲁梅克斯粉代替精料中的小麦麸并用玉米秸＋鲁梅克斯混合青贮料能获得良好的生产性能和经济效益。     

Hepatitis in dogs. An indexed bibliography of journal articles (1994–2004)

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases are unique disorders that are not caused by infectious micro-organisms (bacteria or fungi), viruses or parasites, but rather seem to be the result of an infectious protein. TSEs are comprised of fatal neurodegenerative disorders affecting both human and animals. Prion diseases cause sponge-like degeneration of neuronal tissue and include (among others) Creutzfeldt–Jacob disease in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle and scrapie in sheep. TSEs are characterized by the formation and accumulation of transmissible (infectious) disease-associated protease-resistant prion protein (PrP^Sc), mainly in tissues of the central nervous system. The exact molecular processes behind the conversion of PrP^C into PrP^Sc are not clearly understood. Correlations between prion protein polymorphisms and disease have been found, however in what way these polymorphisms influence the conversion processes remains an enigma; is stabilization or destabilization of the prion protein the basis for a higher conversion propensity? Apart from the disease-associated polymorphisms of the prion protein, the molecular processes underlying conversion are not understood. There are some notions as to which regions of the prion protein are involved in refolding of PrP^C into PrP^Sc and where the most drastic structural changes take place. Direct interactions between PrP^C molecules and/or PrP^Sc are likely at the basis of conversion, however which specific amino acid domains are involved and to what extent these domains contribute to conversion resistance/sensitivity of the prion protein or the species barrier is still unknown.     

对提高农业院校科技成果转化效率的若干思考

首先分析了现阶段中国农业院校提高农业科技成果转化效率的现实意义,在此基础上以中国H农业大学为例,深入研究了中国农业院校在农业科技成果转化工作中存在的问题,并针对性地提出了解决对策。     

蛋鸡杂交组合优选研究

用迪卡AB（迪）、S220（S）和罗曼AB（罗）公鸡分别与淮南麻黄（麻）母鸡杂交,以淮南麻黄鸡纯种作对照,组成4个组合,依次为迪麻、S麻、罗麻、麻黄。测定各组合产蛋性能,饲料转化比和蛋品质。结果表明,3个杂交组合中以罗麻组最好,其500日龄产蛋量为201.19个,总蛋重为10.988kg,分别比麻黄组高97.42%和111.31%,料蛋比为2.65:1,比麻黄组省料58.11%。因此,罗曼AB公鸡可作为淮南麻黄鸡杂种优势利用的父本。     

木芙蓉的繁育系统及传粉生物学

以木芙蓉为研究材料,运用杂交指数、花粉数/胚珠数、座果率、种子萌发率等指标对木芙蓉的繁育系统及传粉生物学等进行研究。结果表明:木芙蓉单花的花期1 d,整体花期7—11月份;木芙蓉的杂交指数为4,繁育系统为异交、部分自交亲和、需要传粉者;木芙蓉的花粉数/胚珠数为415±11.3,繁育系统属于兼性异交类型;木芙蓉自然座果率为74%;同株同花授粉的座果率为40%;人工异株异花授粉座果率为71%;各种授粉方式下,单个果实的种子个数为128~148,差别不大;各种授粉方式下,平均种子萌发率为47%~60%,没有显著差异;传粉昆虫有蜂类、甲虫,其中中华蜜蜂、黑小蜜蜂为主要传粉昆虫。     

The critical N dilution curve for linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is different from other C3 species

The objective was to determine the critical N dilution curve of linseed, which is the minimal total N concentration in shoots necessary to produce the maximal shoot dry matter, and to explain possible differences with other C3 species. One main experiment was carried out in 1998/1999 on winter linseed with four levels of fertilizer N. Two plant densities were also studied, the recommended one (600 seeds m⁻²) and the minimum for canopy closure (150 seeds m⁻²), in order to investigate the stability with plant density of the critical N dilution curve. Shoot dry weights (W_S) and shoot N contents expressed in percentage (N_S) were measured for the determination of the critical dilution curve, along with organ N percentages and relative weights. The results of four other experiments were used to validate the critical N dilution curve. Three of these four trials were conducted on winter linseed (one in 1996/1997 and two in 1997/1998) with five levels of fertilizer N, and one on spring linseed in 1999 with six levels of fertilizer N.

The critical N dilution curve of linseed was different from those of other C3 species. The curve was steeper, indicating a greater decrease in the critical shoot N concentration (N_SC) as the critical shoot dry weight (W_SC) increased. This linseed curve determined with the data of the main experiment was relevant when compared to the data of the four other experiments. Organ weight ratios and N concentration of organs were investigated in a fertilizer N treatment resulting in N_S close to the critical N values, N_SC. In this treatment, the decrease in N_S was the result of both a decrease in the N percentage of all organs and a decrease in the leaf weight ratio. The difference between linseed and other C3 species was mainly due to an acceleration of the dilution of N when leaf emission stopped and the flower bud emission began. At this stage of development, the leaf weight ratio of linseed was less than that of wheat, resulting in lower N_S. For a given W_S, no significant differences in N_S, organ N percentages nor organ weight ratios were observed between the two plant densities. This indicates that the difference between linseed and other C3 species could not result from very high plant densities in linseed. Hence, it is concluded that the linseed N accumulation in shoot is different from other C3 species.     

手性差异对水产养殖沉积物环境中农药氰戊菊酯降解的影响

为研究养殖池塘底泥环境中农药氰戊菊酯（fenvalerate,简称FV）及其异构体（分别用FV1、FV2表示反式异构体,FV3和FV4表示顺式异构体）的消除动态规律,本研究通过室内模拟培育的方式观察底泥样本中FV及其手性异构体在浓度水平和异构体差异上的消除变化规律。研究发现,FV在底泥环境中的降解过程符合一级降解动力学方程。不同暴露浓度条件下,FV及其手性异构体的降解半衰期均无显著性差异,FV在环境中的半衰期范围是19.47~38.73天。不同手性异构体在底泥环境中的半衰期存在差异,FV1的降解半衰期显著高于其他异构体,FV3显著高于FV2和FV4。FV在底泥环境中存在α-C位置异构的转化现象,当转化进行3周后,转化速率变慢,转化产物变化开始不断减少。研究认为,FV在底泥中的蓄积周期较长,应尽量避免FV在底泥环境中的直接残留和暴露。此外,为安全进行渔业生产和有效进行环境生态风险评价,在底泥FV残留的检测或去除研究中应区分其不同的手性异构体。     

土壤硒形态及其相互转化因子的研究

近年来,天然富硒农产品的生产及加工成为研究热点。决定植物硒含量的主要因素为土壤有效形态硒含量,因此了解土壤硒形态及转化关系,寻找提高硒有效性方法尤为重要。笔者通过对国内外硒研究文献的整理和分析,对土壤硒形态的分类、土壤硒形态间的转化及提高土壤硒有效性的因素等进行深入分析。了解土壤硒化学形态和浸提形态及其关系,进一步研究不同形态间转化的驱动因子,寻找提高富硒区土壤硒有效性的方法。结合不同富硒区域土壤及作物特点,采取不同的硒素活化方法,为进一步开展相关研究提供更多科学依据。     

合作博弈下农民专业合作社盈余分配方式的演变

【目的】推动黄河流域县域农业高质量发展,加深对农业 投入产出的认识,改善农业资源约束日 益紧张、农业生态环境日益恶化问题,并提出优化设计的发展思路和对策。【方法】通过土地利用转移矩阵分 析陕西大荔县土地利用变化情况,然后采用能值分析 (EMA) 法并构建指标体系,定义和计算若干个基于能值流 的指数,表征和度量 2014、2019 年农业生态系统的运行特征以及发展可持续性,定量分析评价农业生态系统各 类投入及产出能值,确定制约其可持续发展的关键因素。【结果】大荔县土地利用规划目标年 2019 年与基期年 2014 年相比,农业生态系统的能值自给率由 18% 降为 13%、净能值产出率由 2.10 降为 1.27、可持续发展指数由 0.90 降为 0.35,能值投资率由 4.51 升至 6.71、环境负载率由 2.33 升至 3.61、能值密度由 1.93×1012 sej/m2 升至 2.69×1012 sej/m2 、人均能值用量由 1.03×1016 sej/ 人升至 1.41×1016 sej/ 人。与 2014 年相比,2019 年大荔县林地、 人造地、水体面积分别减少 5.75%、0.60%、60.06%,草地、耕地、湿地面积分别增加 19.80%、1.44%、21.15%。 【结论】土地利用变化不是影响农业能值产出变化的主要因素,大荔县农业整体发展水平提高的同时农业生产 成本也在提高,农业现代化进程较为快速,为消费型经济系统。以农药、柴油和化肥为代表的不可更新工业辅 助能值投入大量增加,增大了对农业生态环境的压力。