秋施硼肥在苹果植株中的分布与利用动态

对盆栽苹果树施Ｈ３１０ＢＯ３,于主要物候期测定,结果表明,生长季地上部全Ｂ的变化呈双峰曲线,根系仅出现一次高峰;枝条与粗根皮层的全Ｂ量一般比木质部高３～４倍,但从肥料中吸收的Ｂ占全Ｂ量的百分率（Ｂｄｆ％）二者相差无几。地上部新生器官在新梢旺长期Ｂｄｆ％值迅速提高,其后处于高水平的相对稳定期,细根随时间进展不断下降,粗根则缓慢上升。秋施１０Ｂ肥后的第３年花期测定植株不同器官的Ｂｄｆ％值仍可达１２．７％～３３．６％,而土壤仅为４．２％,并且１０Ｂ在植株中的分布发生了变化,一年生枝与粗根含量显著上升,约比翌年同期增加２倍左右,而主干与细根含量显著下降,说明硼肥在树体内具有长效作用,可再利用。     

Urban permeability for birds: An approach combining mobbing-call experiments and circuit theory

The urban matrix was recently shown to be a mosaic of heterogeneous dispersal habitats. We conducted a playback experiment of mobbing calls to examine the probabilities of forest birds to cross a distance of 50 m over urban matrix with different land-cover types in an urban area. We treated the reciprocal of the crossing probabilities as a movement resistance for forest birds. We drew resistance surfaces based on the land-cover maps of urban Sapporo. We applied a circuit theory to examine the relative role of a detour route consisting of a riparian corridor and urban matrix for dispersing forest bird individuals from continuous forest to an isolated green space in the midst of an urban area. Our results showed that wood cover had the highest crossing probability, while open land (grassland and pavement) had the lowest probabilities. Buildings and water surface displayed an intermediate probability. Resistance surfaces and flow maps at 25- and 50-m resolutions were very similar and suggested that dispersing individuals are likely to use the intervening building areas that dominate the urban matrix rather than detour through riparian corridors. Our results showed the useful combination of experimental approaches and circuit theory, and the importance of the spatial configuration of corridors, as well as the composition and management of dispersal habitats, to landscape connectivity.     

The feasibility of remotely sensed data to estimate urban tree dimensions and biomass

Accurately measuring the biophysical dimensions of urban trees, such as crown diameter, stem diameter, height, and biomass, is essential for quantifying their collective benefits as an urban forest. However, the cost of directly measuring thousands or millions of individual trees through field surveys can be prohibitive. Supplementing field surveys with remotely sensed data can reduce costs if measurements derived from remotely sensed data are accurate. This study identifies and measures the errors incurred in estimating key tree dimensions from two types of remotely sensed data: high-resolution aerial imagery and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging). Using Sacramento, CA, as the study site, we obtained field-measured dimensions of 20 predominant species of street trees, including 30–60 randomly selected trees of each species. For each of the 802 trees crown diameter was estimated from the aerial photo and compared with the field-measured crown diameter. Three curve-fitting equations were tested using field measurements to derive diameter at breast height (DBH) (r² = 0.883, RMSE = 10.32 cm) from the crown diameter. The accuracy of tree height extracted from the LiDAR-based surface model was compared with the field-measured height (RMSE = 1.64 m). We found that the DBH and tree height extracted from the remotely sensed data were lower than their respective field-measured values without adjustment. The magnitude of differences in these measures tended to be larger for smaller-stature trees than for larger stature species. Using DBH and tree height calculated from remotely sensed data, aboveground biomass (r² = 0.881, RMSE = 799.2 kg) was calculated for individual tree and compared with results from field-measured DBH and height. We present guidelines for identifying potential errors in each step of data processing. These findings inform the development of procedures for monitoring tree growth with remote sensing and for calculating single tree level carbon storage using DBH from crown diameter and tree height in the urban forest.     

SH系矮化中间砧对‘富士’苹果树体生长、产量和果实品质的影响

2009年春季定植不同类型SH系矮化中间砧(SH1、SH3、SH6、SH9和SH40)苹果苗(宫藤富士/SH系砧木/平邑甜茶),株行距为1.5 m×5.0 m,纺锤形整形修剪,常规管理。2016年调查树体生长、冠层光照分布和果实产量品质的差异,为苹果矮化砧木的筛选利用提供参考。研究结果表明,栽植第8年(2016年),各中间砧嫁接树体的砧穗干周比无显著差异;SH1和SH6中间砧嫁接的树体最矮,SH40最高且冠幅最大;树体干周直径由高到低依次为:SH40、SH3、SH9、SH6和SH1;各中间砧嫁接树体总枝量均超过140万条·hm~(-2);SH6嫁接树体短枝比例最高,树势中庸;SH3和SH9短枝比例最低。各中间砧嫁接树体冠层平均相对光照强度由高到低依次为SH3(72.88%)、SH6(70.85%)、SH9(65.51%)、SH1(62.23%)和SH40(61.82%),SH6嫁接树体相对光照强度小于30%和40%的区域最小,仅为2.08%和4.17%。比较各中间砧树体连续稳产4年的结果情况,SH6嫁接树体4年(2013—2016年)累计产量最高且稳产性最好,SH1产量较低,SH9稳产性较差。各中间砧嫁接树平均单果质量由高到低依次为SH40 SH6 SH9 SH3 SH1。不同中间砧嫁接树果实不同类型糖含量和比例存在显著差异;而总酸含量、不同类型酸的含量(除草酸外)和比例差异不显著;SH6嫁接树果实糖酸比显著高于SH1、SH3和SH9。综合树体的生长和结果能力,SH6为中间砧嫁接‘富士’表现较好。     

几种落叶果树H2O2含量变化与自然休眠关系的研究

 以设施栽培中常见的几种核果类果树品种和两个葡萄品种为试材, 分析了芽休眠期间 H₂O₂含量变化动态, 并探讨了温度、生长调节剂及化学破眠物质对H₂O₂含量影响的效应。结果表明: 休眠期间,不同树种( 品种) 芽内 H₂O₂含量存在差异, 基本趋势是晚熟品种高于早熟品种, 花芽高于叶芽, 但葡萄品种相反, 早熟的‘京秀’高于晚熟的‘巨峰’; 休眠期芽内 H₂O₂含量基本呈稳步上升后急剧下降的趋势,不同品种急剧下降的时间略有差别, 且与自然休眠解除的时间相吻合。低温(5 ℃) 处理显著增加了芽中 H₂O₂含量, 中温(10 ℃) 使 H₂O₂含量略有增加, 而高温(20 ℃) 却导致 H₂O₂含量降低。休眠前期50 mg.L^-1 ABA 处理显著提高了芽中H₂O₂含量, 而100 mg.L^-1的GA₃和6-BA 处理有减少 H₂O₂含量的趋势, 但二者差异不明显。热带地区常用的化学破眠物质对芽 H₂O₂的影响因树种( 品种) 、使用时期不同而异, 硫脲、KNO₃前期使用对核果类果树影响明显, CaCN₂对核果类无明显效应, 但对葡萄品种作用显著。果树芽 H₂O₂含量的动态变化表明, H₂O₂可能是低温解除自然休眠的原因。     

苹果粗皮病与锰含量的关系

对胶东半岛部分发生苹果粗皮病(IBN)的果园的土壤和植株进行了分析测定,结果表明:发生苹果粗皮病的果园土壤有效锰含量较高,而且粗皮病严重果园高于粗皮病较轻果园。发生粗皮病的苹果树花器官中锰含量较高,粗皮病最严重的姜格庄果园苹果树花器官中锰平均含量比观水镇高出139.28mg/kg,比季家埠重病园和轻病园分别高122.34和182.19mg/kg。从4月到10月,苹果粗皮病逐渐加重,叶片中锰含量逐步增高。10月份姜格庄果园最高锰含量达1717.85mg/kg,平均锰含量达1119.69mg/kg,而粗皮病较轻的季家埠果园则仅306.03mg/kg,前者比后者高265.88%。对不同部位锰含量测定表明,锰含量在叶片中最高,其次是韧皮部,木质部最低。表明胶东半岛苹果粗皮病的发生是因为锰过量。可能是土壤锰含量高,pH值低,降雨多,施肥不合理等,造成土壤锰有效性增加.导致树体吸收过量而出现粗皮病害。     

浅析城市园林绿化及树木的养护管理

园林绿化树木养护管理是绿化工作的重点也是难点。从树木的修剪、林木施肥、病虫害防治等方面论述了园林绿化树木养护管理的基本方法和步骤,为园林绿化工作者提供了第一手的实践经验。     

水性丙烯酸树脂与茶树精油喷涂处理对牡丹切花观赏品质的影响

为延长牡丹切花的观赏时间和提高观赏品质,在对水性丙烯酸树脂和茶树精油喷涂处理浓度和喷涂时间单因素试验的基础上进行Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计,并通过响应面回归分析优化牡丹切花喷涂处理条件。结果表明,牡丹切花喷涂处理的最佳条件为水性丙烯酸82.95 g ? L-1、茶树精油0.65 mL ? L-1,持续喷涂10.28 min。按此条件进行验证,测得牡丹切花常温贮藏5 d后的花瓣总色差值为2.15,对照组色差为6.64;该处理能增加切花的观赏时间,降低失水率和最大花径皱缩率,明显改善花瓣的物理特性,并在一定程度上降低花瓣腐烂指数。     

牡丹5个管家基因的克隆及其在系统进化分析中的应用

利用RT-PCR技术从牡丹组7个野生种和1个栽培种中分别克隆得到泛素延伸蛋白基因(ubiquitin,UBI)、素环蛋白基因(cyclophilin,CYP)、肌动蛋白基因(Actin)、葡萄糖六磷酸脱氢酶基因(glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase,G6PD)和β–微管蛋白基因(beta-tubulin,TUB)等5个管家基因的编码序列(coding sequence,CDS)。序列比对分析发现,5个管家基因序列均相对保守,其在牡丹7个野生种和1个栽培种中的保守性在99.04%~99.69%。利用5个管家基因分别构建了其在牡丹组8份材料中的系统进化树。5个系统进化树均将8份材料分成两组,即革质花盘亚组和肉质花盘亚组;由于5个管家基因核苷酸序列各自的保守性不同,在区分亚组成员间略有差异。综合分析5个管家基因构建的系统进化树可知,杨山牡丹(Paeonia ostii)和栽培牡丹(P.suffruticosa‘Luoyanghong’)常聚为一支,二者亲缘关系较近,因而推测杨山牡丹可能参与了栽培牡丹的形成;紫斑牡丹(P.rockii)和四川牡丹(P.decomposita)一直聚为一支,推测二者亲缘关系较近;黄牡丹(P.lutea)和紫牡丹(P.delavayi)一直聚为一支,推测这二者亲缘关系较近。狭叶牡丹(P.potaninii)与黄牡丹和紫牡丹分化较早,结合前人研究结果建议将狭叶牡丹作为一个独立的种。     

落叶果树无休眠栽培的原理与技术体系

无休眠栽培是指利用一定的措施使具有休眠特性的落叶果树避开休眠继续生长,进而开花结果的一种栽培模式。控制营养生长、保证花芽分化,使树体避开休眠,促进足够多的芽整齐萌发,避免二次休眠的发生是无休眠栽培成功的4项重要保证。温带地区无休眠栽培的研究重点是:自然休眠诱导因子的确定;花芽分化进程及自然休眠进程的精确界定;避免进入深度休眠及促芽整齐萌发的配套技术;无休眠栽培条件下树体的生长发育规律及树体综合管理技术;二次休眠现象发生的原因和克服措施;无休眠品种的选育。